Adrian J. Scott

Arguing for a need to modify investigatory and legal processes so that they align with the capabilities of witnesses and reflect the memorial and decision processes that inform recognition judgements, this book examines two radical alternative approaches to lineup-based recognition that do not require witnesses to identify a perpetrator: Non–categorical confidence and non–categorical similarity judgements. Using empirical data, the authors explore the relationship between identification decisions, confidence judgements, and similarity judgements in lineup–based recognition tasks and reflect on whether similarity underpins more complex judgements of identity and confidence. They also examine the practical utility of confidence and similarity judgements and consider how such alternatives might be conceptualised in a legal context. This book draws on the areas of psychology and law to outline the key issues of identification and calls for a revision in how we think about, obtain, and present eyewitness evidence from lineups. Prompting a consideration of new solutions and concepts to help witness errors become a problem of the past, The Psychology of Eyewitness Identification will be of great interest to students, scholars, and practitioners across the fields of criminal justice, psychology, and law, and particularly those with a focus on eyewitness identification.

The Pivot explores bystander intervention and image-based sexual abuse. It fills a critical gap in the market on a significant and contemporary legal, social, public health, and criminal justice issue. It is timely in light of a number of recent high-profile instances of image-based sexual abuse perpetration, including those involving the non-consensual digital altering and sharing of sexual imagery – sexualised “deepfakes” created with AI, digital tools or software – of celebrities (e.g. Taylor Swift) and young women. This book draws upon the first mixed methods study of its kind globally and makes a substantial contribution to the conceptualisation of image-based sexual abuse and bystander intervention; an issue that has not yet been explored in detail. Drawing on criminology, gender studies, psychology, and law, it provides new theoretical and practical insights of particular relevance to practitioners, stakeholders, and government and non-government organisations on how bystander intervention can be an untapped prevention resource.

This book investigates the causes and consequences of image-based sexual abuse in a digital era. Image-based sexual abuse refers to the taking or sharing of nude or sexual photographs or videos of another person without their consent. It includes a diversity of behaviours beyond that of "revenge porn", such as the secret trading of nude or sexual images online; "upskirting", "downblousing" and other "creepshots"; blackmail or "sextortion" scams; the use of artificial intelligence to construct "deepfake" pornographic videos; threats to distribute photographs and videos without consent; and the taking or sharing of sexual assault imagery. This book investigates the pervasiveness and experiences of these harms, as well as the raft of legal and non-legal measures that have been introduced to better respond to and prevent image-based sexual abuse. The book draws on groundbreaking empirical research, including surveys in three countries with over 6,000 respondents and over 100 victim-survivor and stakeholder interviews. Guided by theoretical frameworks from gender studies, sociology, criminology, law and psychology, the authors argue that image-based sexual abuse is more commonly perpetrated by men than women, and that perpetration is higher among some groups, including younger and sexuality minority men. Although the motivations of perpetrators vary, a dominant theme to emerge was that of power and control. The gendered nature of the abuse means that it is best understood as a "continuum of sexual violence" because victim-survivors often experience it as part of a broader pattern of gendered harassment, violence and abuse. Written in a clear and direct style, this book will appeal to students and scholars of criminology, sociology, law and psychology. Image-based Sexual Abuse is also an essential resource for activists, legal and policy practitioners, technology companies and victim-survivors seeking to understand the deeply complex nature of intimate-image sharing in a digital era.

This book investigates the causes and consequences of image-based sexual abuse in a digital era. Image-based sexual abuse refers to the taking or sharing of nude or sexual photographs or videos of another person without their consent. It includes a diversity of behaviours beyond that of "revenge porn", such as the secret trading of nude or sexual images online; "upskirting", "downblousing" and other "creepshots"; blackmail or "sextortion" scams; the use of artificial intelligence to construct "deepfake" pornographic videos; threats to distribute photographs and videos without consent; and the taking or sharing of sexual assault imagery. This book investigates the pervasiveness and experiences of these harms, as well as the raft of legal and non-legal measures that have been introduced to better respond to and prevent image-based sexual abuse. The book draws on groundbreaking empirical research, including surveys in three countries with over 6,000 respondents and over 100 victim-survivor and stakeholder interviews. Guided by theoretical frameworks from gender studies, sociology, criminology, law and psychology, the authors argue that image-based sexual abuse is more commonly perpetrated by men than women, and that perpetration is higher among some groups, including younger and sexuality minority men. Although the motivations of perpetrators vary, a dominant theme to emerge was that of power and control. The gendered nature of the abuse means that it is best understood as a "continuum of sexual violence" because victim-survivors often experience it as part of a broader pattern of gendered harassment, violence and abuse. Written in a clear and direct style, this book will appeal to students and scholars of criminology, sociology, law and psychology. Image-based Sexual Abuse is also an essential resource for activists, legal and policy practitioners, technology companies and victim-survivors seeking to understand the deeply complex nature of intimate-image sharing in a digital era.

Why do people commit crime? How effective and reliable is the investigative process? How do jurors decide whether a person is guilty or innocent? How effective is treatment in reducing the risk of reoffending? In this up-to-date edition of his highly informative textbook, Adrian Scott reveals just how much forensic psychology can tell us - not only about offenders and their crimes, but also about the different stages of the criminal justice system. Covering social, psychological, biological and cognitive theories of crime, as well as research and theory relating to the investigative process, the courtroom and the penal system, this book provides in-depth coverage of the major areas within forensic psychology. It is essential reading for curious students seeking an engaging and accessible introduction to this fascinating topic.