Aishwarya Ikhar

The current study was conducted to assess the levels of GCF SEMA 4D, PAD 2, and MMP 8 found to be increased in smokers having stage III periodontitis. A total of sixty subjects were enrolled and divided into three groups with 20 patients in each group. Group I included healthy individuals who showed no symptoms of periodontal disease, Group II included nonsmokers with stage III periodontitis, and Group III included smokers (patients with history of smoking at least 10 cigarettes per day for the last 3 years) with stage III periodontitis. All the subjects were assessed clinically and biochemically for categorization into respective groups. Clinical parameters evaluated were PI, GI, PBI, PPD, and CAL. A significantly high PPD and Smokers with chronic periodontitis had lower GI and PBI than nonsmokers having chronic periodontitis. Biochemical parameters included were SEMA 4D, PAD 2, MMP 8levels from GCF samples and ELISA kit was used to analyze the respective levels.

The results showed that the dexamethasone was beneficial for the reduction of the postoperative sequelae after third molar surgery. Least amount of pain scores was noted with the submucosal route on day1 and day3 while the pain subsides on the day 7 in all the three groups. It was observed that the no significant difference was noted in reduction of trismus in all the three groups on day 1 and day 3. However least amount of trismus was noted in submucosal and intravenous route on day 7. Least amount of swelling was observed in the submucosal route followed by intravenous route. Intramuscular being the least effective on day 1 and day 3. Theswelling subsides in all the three groups on day 7. It has been observed in the study that pain, swelling and trismus in the submucosal group was significantly lower than other two in which the intramuscular being the least effective.

Periodontal disease pathogenesis is a complicated process that includes intricate interactions between microbial biofilms, host immunological responses, and environmental variables. To untangle these intricacies, numerous experimental models have been established, each of which provides unique insights into specific elements of the disease. Emerging technologies, like as organ-on-a-chip systems, microfluidic platforms, and omics methods, are increasing the models' relevance and precision. By combining these new tools, researchers are better able to investigate the interactions between microbial and host variables, paving the door for individualized and successful treatment approaches. In conclusion, no single model can fully capture the complexities of periodontal disease development. A combination approach, utilizing the strengths of in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo models, is required for a thorough knowledge of the disease. Continued refinement and innovation in experimental models will surely accelerate periodontal research and treatment development.

Gingival recessions pose intricate challenges in soft tissue pathology, influenced by various causative factors and demonstrating a heightened prevalence with advancing age. The efficacy of surgical management hinges upon the accurate identification and elimination of these etiological factors, coupled with the meticulous selection and precise implementation of surgical techniques due to their inherent sensitivity. A plethora of surgical approaches has been proposed for gingival recession treatment, each with its own set of advantages and drawbacks. For optimal and enduring outcomes, it is imperative to tailor the surgical technique to individual cases, considering critical factors such as defect size, width of apical keratinized gingiva, and flap thickness. Presently, the combined use of subgingival connective tissue graft with the coronally advanced flap stands as the gold standard in gingival recession treatment.