Akhilesh Kumar Singh

The book delivers extensive information about the outlook of insect pollinators, the constraints they face, and strategies for their management. The decline in pollinator populations and diversity is a serious issue that impacts agricultural production, ecosystem conservation, and biodiversity preservation in several regions around the world. A shortage of pollinators can be indicated by the need for renting pollination services. To address this issue, conservation and augmentation of pollinators are essential to meet the demands for pollination. Pollinators play a crucial role in ensuring food security, diversity of food sources, human nutrition, and plant diversity. Pollination is a vital ecosystem service that supports plant reproduction and food production. In agricultural ecosystems, effective management of pollinators and pollination inputs can enhance crop yields and improve the quality of the produce.

Le M5 (culture unique, pi ge ph romone, perche oiseaux, endosulfan, chlorpyriphos) est le meilleur module car il contient le moins de pyrales, la plus faible population de larves, les plus faibles dommages aux gousses, le rendement le plus lev et le meilleur rapport co t/b n fice. Les modules M2 (culture unique, pi ge ph romones, perchoir oiseaux, m thomyl et deux pulv risations cons cutives de HaNPV) et M4 (cultures intercalaires, pi ge ph romones, perchoir oiseaux, NSKE et deux pulv risations cons cutives de HaNPV) ont permis de r duire efficacement la population d'Helicoverpa armigera un co t raisonnable. Il est conseill d'adopter la strat gie de gestion impliquant des m thodes culturelles et biologiques avec l'utilisation limit e d'insecticide chimique au lieu de la phase de subsistance.

O M5 (cultura de sola, armadilha de feromonas, poleiro, endossulf o, clorpirifos) o melhor m dulo, pois cont m a menor tra a macho, menor popula o de larvas, menor dano na c psula, maior rendimento e maior custo: foram registrados benef cios. O pr ximo melhor m dulo foi M2 (cultura de sola, armadilha de feromonas, poleiro de aves, Methomyl e duas pulveriza es consecutivas de HaNPV) e M4 (Inter crop, armadilha de feromonas, poleiro de aves, NSKE e duas pulveriza es consecutivas de HaNPV) foram eficazes para diminuir a popula o de Helicoverpa armigera com um custo razo vel. aconselh vel adotar a estrat gia de manejo envolvendo m todos culturais e biol gicos com o uso limitado de inseticida qu mico em vez da fase de subsist ncia.

M5 (Monokultur, Pheromonfalle, Vogelfalle, Endosulfan, Chlorpyriphos) ist das beste Modul, da es die wenigsten m nnlichen Motten, die geringste Larvenpopulation, die geringsten Schotensch den, den h chsten Ertrag und das beste Kosten-Nutzen-Verh ltnis aufwies. Das n chstbeste Modul war M2 (Einzelkultur, Pheromonfalle, Vogelfalle, Methomyl und zwei aufeinanderfolgende HaNPV-Spritzungen) und M4 (Zwischenfruchtanbau, Pheromonfalle, Vogelfalle, NSKE und zwei aufeinanderfolgende HaNPV-Spritzungen) waren wirksam, um die Population von Helicoverpa armigera mit angemessenen Kosten zu reduzieren. Es ist ratsam, die Bewirtschaftungsstrategie, die kulturelle und biologische Methoden mit dem begrenzten Einsatz von chemischen Insektiziden umfasst, in der Subsistenzphase anzuwenden.

Il modulo M5 (coltura unica, trappola a feromoni, persico uccello, endosulfan, clorpirifos) il migliore in quanto contiene la pi bassa tignola maschio, la pi bassa popolazione larvale, il pi basso danno ai baccelli, la pi alta resa e il pi alto rapporto costi/benefici. Il modulo successivo migliore era M2 (coltura unica, trappola a feromoni, persico uccello, Methomyl e due spruzzi consecutivi di HaNPV) e M4 (Inter cropping, trappola a feromoni, persico uccello, NSKE e due spruzzi consecutivi di HaNPV) erano efficaci demean la popolazione di Helicoverpa armigera con costo ragionevole. Si consiglia di adottare la strategia di gestione che coinvolge metodi culturali e biologici con l'uso limitato di insetticida chimico invece la fase di sussistenza.

The M5 (sole crop, pheromone trap, bird perch, endosulfan, chlorpyriphos) is the best module as it contained lowest male moth, lowest larval population, lowest pod damage, highest yield and highest cost: benefit ratio were recorded. The next best module was M2 (sole crop, pheromone trap, bird perch, Methomyl and two consecutive spray of HaNPV) and M4 (Inter cropping, pheromone trap, bird perch, NSKE and two consecutive spray of HaNPV) were effective demean the population of Helicoverpa armigera with reasonable cost. It is advisable to adopt the management strategy involving cultural and biological methods with the limited use of chemical insecticide instead the subsistence phase.