Ambili R

Antioxidants play a crucial role in periodontal health by counteracting oxidative stress generated during the host inflammatory response to periodontal pathogens. In periodontal disease, excessive production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by neutrophils and other immune cells leads to tissue damage, collagen breakdown, and alveolar bone resorption, contributing to disease progression. Antioxidants-both enzymatic (such as superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase) and non-enzymatic (including vitamins C and E, polyphenols, carotenoids, and flavonoids)-help neutralize ROS, thereby limiting oxidative damage and modulating inflammation. Reduced antioxidant capacity has been consistently observed in patients with periodontitis, suggesting an imbalance between oxidants and antioxidants. Adequate dietary intake or therapeutic supplementation of antioxidants may enhance periodontal defense mechanisms, support healing, and improve clinical outcomes when used as an adjunct to conventional periodontal therapy.

Periodontal regeneration involves restoring the tissues that support teeth, including the gingiva, periodontal ligament, cementum, and alveolar bone. These structures are essential for tooth stability and oral health. Periodontal diseases, especially periodontitis, lead to progressive destruction of these tissues and are a major cause of tooth loss. Conventional periodontal therapies mainly control infection and slow disease progression but often result in tissue repair rather than true regeneration. Biomaterials provide a promising solution by acting as scaffolds for cell growth, carriers for growth factors, and surface modifiers to enhance healing. Various biomaterials such as polymers, ceramics, metals, and composites have shown improved bone formation and periodontal healing. However, careful evaluation of biocompatibility, degradation behavior, and long-term safety is essential. Continued research is needed to optimize their clinical application.