Ashish Kumar Rai

Nanobiotechnology is a discipline in which tools from nanotechnology are developed and applied to study biological phenomena. For example, nanoparticles can serve as probes, sensors or vehicles for biomolecule delivery in cellular systems. This book describes various strategies for the synthesis of green nanoparticles using plant extracts and microbes, including the advantages and disadvantages of different methods and their applications. After discussing strategies for and the potential of green synthesis of noble metal nanoparticles, it highlights the role of the solvent system. The book then explores the stability/toxicity of nanoparticles and the associated-surface engineering techniques for achieving biocompatibility, and examines the antimicrobial efficacy of green nanoparticles with regard to various bacterial pathogens, as well as the underlying cytotoxicity mechanisms. Given its scope, the book will be of interest to all scientists and students wanting to learn more about the synthesis and applications of green nanoparticles.

Meat is used as nutritious food, as it provides a sufficient amount of protein, vitamins, and minerals to be used for human consumption. In the present time, it is notable that meat and meat-related products are high in demand, consequent to the rise in the human population and their disposable income. Nowadays, consumers are concerned about the adulteration of meat or meat products and request accurate marking; therefore, to identify the meat correctly, proper checks are needed so that accurate identification can be made in a short time and the customer can be assured of the right meat. In this book, two different PCR product amplification approaches have been used to differentiate between eight different animals (chicken, rat, pig, horse, goat, sheep, cow, and buffalo) using mitochondrial cyt b and 12S rRNA gene variability. Mitochondrial Analysis of DNA was the most frequently used DNA because of its highly conserved sequences in various organism species.