Eric Snyder

This Element, written for researchers and students in philosophy and the behavioral sciences, reviews and critically assesses extant work on number concepts in developmental psychology and cognitive science. It has four main aims. First, it characterizes the core commitments of mainstream number cognition research, including the commitment to representationalism, the hypothesis that there exist certain number-specific cognitive systems, and the key milestones in the development of number cognition. Second, it provides a taxonomy of influential views within mainstream number cognition research, along with the central challenges these views face. Third, it identifies and critically assesses a series of core philosophical assumptions often adopted by number cognition researchers. Finally, the Element articulates and defends a novel version of pluralism about number concepts.

This Element, written for researchers and students in philosophy and the behavioral sciences, reviews and critically assesses extant work on number concepts in developmental psychology and cognitive science. It has four main aims. First, it characterizes the core commitments of mainstream number cognition research, including the commitment to representationalism, the hypothesis that there exist certain number-specific cognitive systems, and the key milestones in the development of number cognition. Second, it provides a taxonomy of influential views within mainstream number cognition research, along with the central challenges these views face. Third, it identifies and critically assesses a series of core philosophical assumptions often adopted by number cognition researchers. Finally, the Element articulates and defends a novel version of pluralism about number concepts.

Essentials of Chemistry: General, Organic, and Biochemistry, Volume II is the second textbook in a two-volume series designed to furnish students with critical information and skillsets within the discipline. The second volume begins with an introduction to organic chemistry, including coverage of functional groups, electron donors and receptors, and resonance. Additional chapters discuss alkanes, unsaturated hydrocarbons, functional groups of oxygen, stereoisomers, carbohydrates, lipids, amines, amino acids, peptides, proteins, biological catalysts, nucleic acids, and gene expression. Students learn about vitamins and minerals, biological receptors and the molecules that act on them, the metabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins, and biological fluids. Each chapter features a Threads from Previous Chapters section that highlights information from previous chapters that is necessary for full comprehension of the present chapter; a Setting the Stage section to prepare students to learn; learning objectives; a chapter summary; skill-check exercises; and end-of-chapter concept reviews. Appendices at the back of the book provide solutions to odd problems for all problem sets throughout the text.

Essentials of Chemistry: General, Organic, and Biochemistry, Volume I provides students with a brief yet complete guide to foundational knowledge and concepts in chemistry. The opening chapter discusses the atom, with content on atomic theory, elements and nuclides, substances and mixtures, energy changes, and more. Additional chapters address chemical elements and the periodic table, bonds and compounds, chemical changes, chemical calculations, and aqueous solutions. Students learn about the states of matter; acids, bases, and salts; and nuclear chemistry. The closing chapter presents an introduction to organic chemistry. Each chapter features a Threads from Previous Chapters section that highlights information from previous chapters that is necessary for full comprehension of the present chapter; a Setting the Stage section to prepare students to learn; learning objectives; a chapter summary; skill-check exercises; and end-of-chapter concept reviews. Appendices at the back of the book provide solutions to odd problems for all problem sets throughout the text. Essentials of Chemistry is the first textbook in a two-volume series designed to help students learn and apply critical information and skillsets within the discipline.

What are the meanings of number expressions, and what can they tell us about questions of central importance to the philosophy of mathematics, specifically 'Do numbers exist?' This Element attempts to shed light on this question by outlining a recent debate between substantivalists and adjectivalists regarding the semantic function of number words in numerical statements. After highlighting their motivations and challenges, I develop a comprehensive polymorphic semantics for number expressions. I argue that accounting for the numerous meanings and how they are related leads to a strengthened argument for realism, one which renders familiar forms of nominalism highly implausible.