George F. R. Ellis

Cosmology has been transformed by dramatic progress in high-precision observations and theoretical modelling. This book surveys key developments and open issues for graduate students and researchers. Using a relativistic geometric approach, it focuses on the general concepts and relations that underpin the standard model of the Universe. Part I covers foundations of relativistic cosmology whilst Part II develops the dynamical and observational relations for all models of the Universe based on general relativity. Part III focuses on the standard model of cosmology, including inflation, dark matter, dark energy, perturbation theory, the cosmic microwave background, structure formation and gravitational lensing. It also examines modified gravity and inhomogeneity as possible alternatives to dark energy. Anisotropic and inhomogeneous models are described in Part IV, and Part V reviews deeper issues, such as quantum cosmology, the start of the universe and the multiverse proposal. Colour versions of some figures are available at www.cambridge.org/9780521381154.

Cosmology has been transformed by dramatic progress in high-precision observations and theoretical modelling. This book surveys key developments and open issues for graduate students and researchers. Using a relativistic geometric approach, it focuses on the general concepts and relations that underpin the standard model of the Universe. Part I covers foundations of relativistic cosmology whilst Part II develops the dynamical and observational relations for all models of the Universe based on general relativity. Part III focuses on the standard model of cosmology, including inflation, dark matter, dark energy, perturbation theory, the cosmic microwave background, structure formation and gravitational lensing. It also examines modified gravity and inhomogeneity as possible alternatives to dark energy. Anisotropic and inhomogeneous models are described in Part IV, and Part V reviews deeper issues, such as quantum cosmology, the start of the universe and the multiverse proposal. Colour versions of some figures are available at www.cambridge.org/9780521381154.

Our existence as living beings - thinking, feeling, acting - is an extraordinary thing: this book provides a scientifically based account of the entirety of factors that lead to our existence. The text begins with the physical foundations of our existence, examining the cosmological context of the vast expanding and evolving universe, enabling the existence of the Sun and the Earth. It goes on to summarise the underlying physics and chemistry, explaining behaviour on an atomic and molecular level, and considers the nature of biological emergence, arguing that all complex systems are modular hierarchical structures, allowing function to emerge at every level, and both upward and downward interactions occur between emergent levels. The book then goes on to examine fundamental processes such as metabolism, dealing with material and energy needs, and homeostasis, stabilising the system against perturbing influences. At the molecular level, this is all enabled by change of shape of macromolecules, and the text looks at how we come into being by a combination of natural selection and developmental processes, which interact with each other and with physiology. Finally, the book discusses the brain and mind, emphasizing the interaction of rationality and emotions, and examining the nature of mental causation and free will. It then delves into existence on a societal level, showing how social institutions having causal powers, and arguing that society can be understood as a homeostatic feedback system relating welfare to social, economic, political, and legal interactions. All social outcomes are determined crucially by our values, the nature of which can be represented by a spectrum of values ranging from very destructive and selfish to very constructive and generous. The final chapter discusses whether meaning exists in the universe, providing evidence that the answer is yes, arguing for moral realism and the existence of a series of abstract possibility spaces that form the deep structure of the cosmos.

First published in 1973, this influential work discusses Einstein's General Theory of Relativity to show how two of its predictions arise: first, that the ultimate fate of many massive stars is to undergo gravitational collapse to form 'black holes'; and second, that there was a singularity in the past at the beginning of the universe. Starting with a precise formulation of the theory, including the necessary differential geometry, the authors discuss the significance of space-time curvature and examine the properties of a number of exact solutions of Einstein's field equations. They develop the theory of the causal structure of a general space-time, and use it to prove a number of theorems establishing the inevitability of singularities under certain conditions. A Foreword contributed by Abhay Ashtekar and a new Preface from George Ellis help put the volume into context of the developments in the field over the past fifty years.

What is the ethical import of contemporary scientific cosmology? How does our understanding of the universe relate to our most pressing social concerns? How do the disparate fields of theology, ethics, and the sciences relate to each other? Murphy and Ellis offer a coherent construction of these relations and show how a particular moral vision-a "kenotic" ethic-is supported "from below" by the social sciences and "from above" by theology. The theological import of contemporary cosmology, they argue, points ultimately to an ethic that centers on self-sacrifice and nonviolence. In ambition, rigor, and scale, in its search for an integrated and coherent worldview at a time of unprecedented complexity and uncertainty, readers will find this volume daring and important.