Halford John Mackinder

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This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work is in the "public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.

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".... Mr. Mackinder's admirable study of our islands comes in an opportune moment to show the general reader what a complex, interesting, and important science geography really ought to be...." -- The Spectator (book review), 1902 Britain and the British Seas was originally published in 1902 by Halford Mackinder. He was the author of this first of a twelve-volume series on "The Regions of the World," and editor of the remaining volumes. The aim of each volume was "to present a picture of the physical features and condition of a great natural region, and to trace their influence upon human societies." Britain and the British Seas, which included the first comprehensive geomorphology of the British Isles, became one of Mackinder's major works and a classic in regional geography.

"Who rules East Europe commands the Heartland; Who rules the Heartland commands the World Island; Who rules the World Island commands the World." --Sir Halford Mackinder, in Democratic Ideals and Reality, 1919 Democratic Ideals and Reality--A Study in the Politics of Reconstruction, published in 1919, expands on Halford Mackinder's Heartland Theory as earlier described in his 1904 paper The Geographic Pivot of the History. Mackinder was the first to describe the concept of geography as a bridge between the natural sciences and the humanities: In essence, this was the founding moment of geopolitics. In Democratic Ideals and Reality, he further makes a case for fully taking into account geopolitical factors at the Paris Peace conference and contrasts geographical reality with Woodrow Wilson's idealism. The theories of Democratic Ideals and Reality are as relevant as ever for students of history, political scientists, and others interested in geopolitics.