Immanuel Kant

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Immanuel Kant (22 April 1724 - 12 February 1804) was a German philosopher who is a central figure in modern philosophy. Kant argues that the human mind creates the structure of human experience, that reason is the source of morality, that aesthetics arises from a faculty of disinterested judgment, that space and time are forms of human sensibility, and that the world as it is "in-itself" is independent of humanity's concepts of it. Kant took himself to have effected a "Copernican revolution" in philosophy, akin to Copernicus' reversal of the age-old belief that the sun revolves around the earth. Kant's beliefs continue to have a major influence on contemporary philosophy, especially the fields of metaphysics, epistemology, ethics, political theory, and aesthetics. Politically, Kant is one of the earliest exponents of the idea that perpetual peace could be secured through universal democracy and international cooperation. He believed that this will be the eventual outcome of universal history, although it is not rationally planned. The exact nature of Kant's religious ideas continues to be the subject of especially heated philosophical dispute, as viewpoints are ranging from the idea that Kant was an early and radical exponent of atheism who finally exploded the ontological argument for God's existence, to more critical treatments epitomized by Nietzsche who claimed that Kant had "theologian blood" and that Kant was merely a sophisticated apologist for traditional Christian religious belief, writing that "Kant wanted to prove, in a way that would dumbfound the common man, that the common man was right: that was the secret joke of this soul." In one of Kant's major works, the Critique of Pure Reason (Kritik der reinen Vernunft, 1781), he attempted to explain the relationship between reason and human experience and to move beyond the failures of traditional philosophy and metaphysics. Kant wanted to put an end to an era of futile and speculative theories of human experience, while resisting the skepticism of thinkers such as David Hume. Kant regarded himself as ending and showing the way beyond the impasse which modern philosophy had led to between rationalists and empiricists, and is widely held to have synthesized these two early modern traditions in his thought. Kant argued that our experiences are structured by necessary features of our minds. In his view, the mind shapes and structures experience so that, on an abstract level, all human experience shares certain essential structural features. Among other things, Kant believed that the concepts of space and time are integral to all human experience, as are our concepts of cause and effect. One important consequence of this view is that our experience of things is always of the phenomenal world as conveyed by our senses: we do not have direct access to things in themselves, the so-called noumenal world. Kant published other important works on ethics, religion, law, aesthetics, astronomy, and history. These included the Critique of Practical Reason (Kritik der praktischen Vernunft, 1788), the Metaphysics of Morals (Die Metaphysik der Sitten, 1797), which dealt with ethics, and the Critique of Judgment (Kritik der Urteilskraft, 1790), which looks at aesthetics and teleology..... Reverend Thomas Kingsmill Abbott (26 March 1829 - 18 December 1913) was an Irish scholar and educator. Abbott was born in Dublin and was educated at Trinity College. He took his degree in 1851 and was made a fellow of the college in 1854. He obtained an M. A. and a D. Litt. from Trinity, and was ordained a minister in the Church of Ireland. In 1852 he solved a geometrical problem posed by J. J. Sylvester.....

Religion within the Boundaries of Mere Reason is a key element of the system of philosophy which Kant introduced with his Critique of Pure Reason, and a work of major importance in the history of Western religious thought. It represents a great philosopher's attempt to spell out the form and content of a type of religion that would be grounded in moral reason and would meet the needs of ethical life. It includes sharply critical and boldly constructive discussions on topics not often treated by philosophers, including such traditional theological concepts as original sin and the salvation or 'justification' of a sinner, and the idea of the proper role of a church. This new edition includes slightly revised translations, a revised introduction with expanded discussion of certain key themes in the work, and up-to-date guidance on further reading.

Religion within the Boundaries of Mere Reason is a key element of the system of philosophy which Kant introduced with his Critique of Pure Reason, and a work of major importance in the history of Western religious thought. It represents a great philosopher's attempt to spell out the form and content of a type of religion that would be grounded in moral reason and would meet the needs of ethical life. It includes sharply critical and boldly constructive discussions on topics not often treated by philosophers, including such traditional theological concepts as original sin and the salvation or 'justification' of a sinner, and the idea of the proper role of a church. This new edition includes slightly revised translations, a revised introduction with expanded discussion of certain key themes in the work, and up-to-date guidance on further reading.

Kant's gesammelte Schriften - Band V. Kritik der praktischen Vernunft ist ein unver nderter, hochwertiger Nachdruck der Originalausgabe. Hansebooks ist Herausgeber von Literatur zu unterschiedlichen Themengebieten wie Forschung und Wissenschaft, Reisen und Expeditionen, Kochen und Ern hrung, Medizin und weiteren Genres. Der Schwerpunkt des Verlages liegt auf dem Erhalt historischer Literatur. Viele Werke historischer Schriftsteller und Wissenschaftler sind heute nur noch als Antiquit ten erh ltlich. Hansebooks verlegt diese B cher neu und tr gt damit zum Erhalt selten gewordener Literatur und historischem Wissen auch f r die Zukunft bei.

Die alte griechische Philosophie teilte sich in drei Wissenschaften ab: Die Physik, die Ethik und die Logik. Diese Einteilung ist der Natur der Sache vollkommen angemessen, und man hat an ihr nichts zu verbessern, als etwa nur das Prinzip derselben hinzu zu tun, um sich auf solche Art teils ihrer Vollst ndigkeit zu versichern, teils die notwendigen Unterabteilungen richtig bestimmen zu k nnen. Alle Vernunfterkenntnis ist entweder material und betrachtet irgend ein Objekt; oder formal und besch ftigt sich blo mit der Form des Verstandes und der Vernunft selbst und den allgemeinen Regeln des Denkens berhaupt ohne Unterschied der Objekte. Die formale Philosophie hei t Logik, die materiale aber, welche es mit bestimmten Gegenst nden und den Gesetzen zu tun hat, denen sie unterworfen sind, ist wiederum zwiefach. Denn diese Gesetze sind entweder Gesetze der Natur, oder der Freiheit. Die Wissenschaft von der ersten hei t Physik, die der andern ist Ethik; jene wird auch Naturlehre, diese Sittenlehre genannt. Die Logik kann keinen empirischen Teil haben, d. i. einen solchen, da die allgemeinen und notwendigen Gesetze des Denkens auf Gr nden beruhten, die von der Erfahrung hergenommen w ren; denn sonst w re sie nicht Logik, d. i. ein Kanon f r den Verstand oder die Vernunft, der bei allem Denken gilt und demonstriert werden muss. Dagegen k nnen sowohl die nat rliche, als sittliche Weltweisheit jede ihren empirischen Teil haben, weil jene der Natur als einem Gegenstande der Erfahrung, diese aber dem Willen des Menschen, so fern er durch die Natur affiziert wird, ihre Gesetze bestimmen muss, die erstern zwar als Gesetze, nach denen alles geschieht, die zweiten als solche, nach denen alles geschehen soll, aber doch auch mit Erw gung der Bedingungen, unter denen es fters nicht geschieht.

Arvostelukyvyn kritiikki on estetiikan kiistaton klassikko. Teos rakentaa siltaa luonnontieteiden kausaalilakien maailman ja moraalisen ajattelun tahdonvapauden ja moraalisten päämäärien valtakuntaa erottavan kuilun välille. Se antaa ihmiselle paikan maailmassa tiedonjanoisena, toimivana ja tuntevana olentona. Kantin mukaan estetiikka ei ole vain mieltymysten ja mielipiteiden asia, vaan siitä, onko jokin kaunista vai ei, voi olla oikeassa tai väärässä. Kant rakentaa selityksen ja todistuksen sille, että subjektiivisesta perustastaan huolimatta luonnonkauneutta koskeva arvostelma ei ole vain henkilökohtaisen mieltymyksen ilmaisu, vaan sillä on oikeutus vaatia kaikkia muita yhtymään arvostelmaan ikään kuin velvollisuudesta. Kant laajentaa esteettisen piiriä arkielämän puolelle esimerkiksi kuvailemalla, mitä maku vaatii illalliskutsuilta tai huoneen sisustukselta. Reunahuomautuksissaan Kant pohtii monenlaisia selityksiä esteettisille ilmiöille ja mm. esittää esimerkkien ryydittämän psykofyysisen selityksen sille, miksi vitsi naurattaa.

"Critique of Pure Reason" is one of the most influential works in the history of literature. "Critique of Pure Reason" was originally published in two editions. The current book contains both the first edition (1781) and the second edition (1787).

Tankar kring en universell historieskrivning för en kosmopolitisk plan ingår i en serie av essäer om kosmopolitism. Timbro förlags essäserie presenterar nya och gamla svar på eviga frågor om människan, samhället och politiken. Nya svenska originaltexter varvas med översättningar.

The Critique of Practical Reason By Immanuel Kant, Thomas Kingsmill Abbott

Estudio preliminar de Roberto Rodr guez Aramayo. Traducci n de Concha Rold n Panadero y Roberto Rodr guez Aramayo. Colecci n Cl sicos del Pensamiento. 3a edici n. Se recogen aqu los trabajos fundamentales de Kant sobre Filosof a de la Historia, entre lo que cabe destacar por su relevancia tem tica las Ideas para una historia universal en clave cosmopolita (1784), que presta su t tulo a este volumen.