James A. Cunningham

This is the first study to draw on international research carried out across four EU member states to add to the neglected area of the creative economy of peripheral regions. Economies are dynamic entities and subject to constant flux. Driven by changing tastes, new ways to make and disruptive innovations, new routes of economic development present themselves at ever increasing rates. This study is concerned with the rise of the creative economy. UNCTAD has marked the emergence of the creative economy across the globe and noted its resilience in the face of recent economic turmoil. Here, the authors intend to bring the level of analysis down to the regional and firm level by uncovering the extent of the creative economy in some of Europe’s most peripheral regions. This is the first study to draw on international research carried out across four EU member states to add to the neglected area of the creative economy of peripheral regions. The work contributes to expanding theory in the areas of economic geography, business studies and regional development.

The Returns to Publicly Funded R&D focuses on the returns to U. S. public-sector investments in R&D and the accompanying new empirical analysis relates specifically to the returns to public-sector R&D expenditures in U. S. Federally Funded Research and Development Centers (FFRDCs). One motivation for studying the rates of return to public-sector R&D is the paucity of existing literature on the topic. However, there are two other important motivations for studying the rates of returns to public-sector R&D: a public accountability motivation and a mandated public policy motivation. Although the analysis of investments in R&D in FFRDCs presented herein is econometrics based, there is however a frequently overlooked program evaluation literature that also offers insight into the rates of returns to public-sector R&D. Examples of the program evaluation literature is presented in Section 3 for completeness as well as to illustrate a broader rate of return concept than that presented in the econometrics-based literature. U. S. legislative actions to increase publicly funded R&D in support of private-sector R&D are discussed in Section 4. For the purpose of providing context, a brief history of FFRDCs in the United States is presented in Section 5. FFRDCs have surprisingly been an overlooked element of the public-sector ecosystem that supports public-sector research. An empirical analysis of U. S. public-sector R&D expenditures in FFRDCs, and the associated scientific publications, is presented and discussed in Section 6. Concluding observations about the themes discussed throughout this monograph are offered in Section 7.

This book discusses technology policy and innovation policy from an international perspective, with a particular emphasis on the policies of the United States and the United Kingdom. The importance of these policy areas, as well as their relationship to one another, is a unifying theme throughout, and this relationship is illustrated through an integrating policy framework. Private sector and public sector investments in R&D are posited to be the relevant target variables for technology policy, and vehicles to provide incentives for making each more effective are discussed along with suggestive information about how effective incentives have actually been. Consideration is given to the unintended consequences of technology policy. Also emphasized is the environment in which technology policy is promulgated and its relationship to a global innovation ecosystem. Innovation policy is a consequence of technology policy, and the innovation policies of various countries are also discussed. Technology and Innovation Policy will benefit academic researchers, senior scientists, innovation and technology policy makers, and graduate students who seek a deeper understanding of the relationship between technology and innovation policies from an international perspective.

Elgar Advanced Introductions are stimulating and thoughtful introductions to major fields in the social sciences, business and law, expertly written by the world’s leading scholars. Designed to be accessible yet rigorous, they offer concise and lucid surveys of the substantive and policy issues associated with discrete subject areas. This insightful Advanced Introduction provides an in-depth review of current U. S. technology policy, tracing the legislative history of policies such as the Economic Recovery Tax Act, the Small Business Innovation Development Act and the National Cooperative Research Act. The critical elements of the ecosystem in which technology policy exists are also discussed, with a particular focus on U. S. patent policy and U. S. investments in infrastructure technology. Key features include: Historical trace of U. S. technology policy ideas over the past 75 yearsComparison of U. S. technology policies to those in other nationsAgenda for future thinking about U. S. technology policyIntegrated discussion of U. S. technology policyEconomic rationale for U. S. technology policyThis Advanced Introduction will be invaluable for international business leaders and policymakers, in addition to scholars in economics, public administration, business and public policy.

Elgar Advanced Introductions are stimulating and thoughtful introductions to major fields in the social sciences, business and law, expertly written by the world’s leading scholars. Designed to be accessible yet rigorous, they offer concise and lucid surveys of the substantive and policy issues associated with discrete subject areas. This insightful Advanced Introduction provides an in-depth review of current U. S. technology policy, tracing the legislative history of policies such as the Economic Recovery Tax Act, the Small Business Innovation Development Act and the National Cooperative Research Act. The critical elements of the ecosystem in which technology policy exists are also discussed, with a particular focus on U. S. patent policy and U. S. investments in infrastructure technology. Key features include: Historical trace of U. S. technology policy ideas over the past 75 yearsComparison of U. S. technology policies to those in other nationsAgenda for future thinking about U. S. technology policyIntegrated discussion of U. S. technology policyEconomic rationale for U. S. technology policyThis Advanced Introduction will be invaluable for international business leaders and policymakers, in addition to scholars in economics, public administration, business and public policy.

Evolution of Ireland’s Industrial, Science and Technology Policy examines the evolution of industrial, science and technology policy from a small country perspective. In particular, the monograph focuses on the evolution of Irish industrial development, the develop of Irish industrial cluster with a distinct focus on the case of the medical technology cluster in the West of Ireland, and Ireland’s education research policy designed to build capacity and scientific capabilities. The authors conclude by discussing the challenges and implications of industrial science and technology from a small country perspective. The monograph reflects on the future industrial, science and technology policy considerations that Ireland as a small open economy needs to focus on in order to evolve, maintain, and grow its international industrial, science, and technology reputation and standing.

Combining best practices, empirical studies and the authors’ own research on technology transfer offices (TTOs), technology transfer, ecosystems and scientists in the principal investigator role, this book presents a business model framework for TTOs. From a practitioner’s perspective the business model framework captures key elements of TTOs’ strategic and operational activities that are needed for effective management and leadership. Moreover, the frameworkaddresses central issues including strategy, organisational structure, staff and resources, activities, mechanisms, policy and procedures, and evaluation and outcomes, while also consideringcontextual factors that directly and indirectly affectTTOs, namely thecommercialisation culture and ethos,as well as researchers’ commitment, awareness and motivation. For each element of the framework, the book outlines the key success factors and facilitating factors that enable effectivetechnology transfer.

This is the first study to draw on international research carried out across four EU member states to add to the neglected area of the creative economy of peripheral regions. Economies are dynamic entities and subject to constant flux. Driven by changing tastes, new ways to make and disruptive innovations, new routes of economic development present themselves at ever increasing rates. This study is concerned with the rise of the creative economy. UNCTAD has marked the emergence of the creative economy across the globe and noted its resilience in the face of recent economic turmoil. Here, the authors intend to bring the level of analysis down to the regional and firm level by uncovering the extent of the creative economy in some of Europe’s most peripheral regions. This is the first study to draw on international research carried out across four EU member states to add to the neglected area of the creative economy of peripheral regions. The work contributes to expanding theory in the areas of economic geography, business studies and regional development.

This book explores the issues and provides a comprehensive overview of the evolution of business failure research that has surrounded the subject over the years within the entrepreneurship literature. This literature review is organized as follows:Section 2 discusses the lack of a universally accepted definition of business failure, the difficulties that arise from this, and the way in which this has directly contributed to the limitations of quantitative studies. Furthermore the range of definitions employed by various studies within the literature is examined in addition to the diverse methodological approaches. Section 3 charts the emergence of failure studies in the business literature, from their roots in financially driven bankruptcy prediction models to the more encompassing organizational decline models. The review also explores competing perspectives of business failure - deterministic and voluntaristic. These two distinct schools of thought raise compelling, albeit reductionist arguments in their exploration of the drivers of business failure. Section 4 provides a review of the extant literature on business failure in the entrepreneurship field. The focus is on the areas of enquiry that have dominated literature in the area. The section examines the body of knowledge on causes of, learning from, and psychological effect of failure in the context of entrepreneurship. Additionally the literature pertaining to emotions and failure as well as recovery from failure are discussed and popular theories that accompany these subjects are considered. This section culminates in an overview of the methodological approaches that are more commonly seen in the recent literature and then discusses the way in which these approaches compare to previous research methods. The latter part of the review is comprised of Section 5 where an overview of the limitations of current approaches to the study of business failure is presented; particular focus is given to the issues that arise from retrospective biases. Finally, Section 6 explores the future of the research topic within the entrepreneurship literature. The review concludes with a summary of the key arguments presented and an iteration of the importance, for both theory and practice, of sustaining and advancing business failure research.