Kai Wang

After the invention of a new mechanical element called 'inerter' in 2002, research interest in passive network synthesis has been revived and this field has again become active and essential. The unique compendium highlights the synthesis of passive electrical or mechanical networks, which is motivated by the vibration control based on a new type of mechanical elements named inerter. It introduces important fundamental concepts of passive network synthesis, and presents recent results on this topic. These new results concern mainly the economical realizations of low-degree functions as RLC networks (damper-spring-inerter networks), the synthesis of n-port resistive networks, and the synthesis of low-complexity mechanical networks. They can be directly applied to the optimization and design of various inerter-based mechanical control systems, such as suspension systems, vibration absorbers, building vibration systems, etc. This useful reference text provides important methodologies and results for researchers in the fields of circuit theory, vibration system control, passive systems, control theory, and electrical engineering.

This book investigates the utilization of harmonics in the permanent magnet (PM) or rotor shape to improve the torque density of PM brushless AC machines including three-phase inner rotor and outer rotor machines, five-phase machines, dual three-phase machines, linear machines, by means of analytical, finite element analyses, and as well as experimental validation. The torque density can be improved while the torque ripple remains low in PM shaping utilizing the 3rd harmonic. In this book, the analytical expression of output torque is derived for PM machines with rotor shape using the 3rd harmonic, and then the optimal 3rd harmonic for maximizing torque is analytically obtained. The book compares the PM shape in surface-mounted PM (SPM) machines and the rotor lamination shape in interior PM (IPM) machines utilizing the 3rd harmonic, and it becomes clear that their shaping methods and amount of torque improvement are different. In a five-phase PM machine, the 3rd harmonic can be utilized in both the current waveform and PM shapes to further improve the output torque. For the dual three-phase SPM machines without deteriorating the torque more than 30% when the optimal 3rd harmonic into both the current and PM shape are injected. The harmonics in airgap flux density have significant influence on the cogging torque, stator iron flux distribution, and radial force between the rotor and stator. These effects has been investigated as well in this book.

This book investigates the utilization of harmonics in the permanent magnet (PM) or rotor shape to improve the torque density of PM brushless AC machines including three-phase inner rotor and outer rotor machines, five-phase machines, dual three-phase machines, linear machines, by means of analytical, finite element analyses, and as well as experimental validation. The torque density can be improved while the torque ripple remains low in PM shaping utilizing the 3rd harmonic. In this book, the analytical expression of output torque is derived for PM machines with rotor shape using the 3rd harmonic, and then the optimal 3rd harmonic for maximizing torque is analytically obtained. The book compares the PM shape in surface-mounted PM (SPM) machines and the rotor lamination shape in interior PM (IPM) machines utilizing the 3rd harmonic, and it becomes clear that their shaping methods and amount of torque improvement are different. In a five-phase PM machine, the 3rd harmonic can be utilized in both the current waveform and PM shapes to further improve the output torque. For the dual three-phase SPM machines without deteriorating the torque more than 30% when the optimal 3rd harmonic into both the current and PM shape are injected. The harmonics in airgap flux density have significant influence on the cogging torque, stator iron flux distribution, and radial force between the rotor and stator. These effects has been investigated as well in this book.

Microchemical Engineering and Technology focuses on the development, basic principles, characteristics, and advantages of micro chemical technology. The book summarizes the basic laws of micro-scale single-phase flow, the micro-scale mixing process, and the enhancement of micro-scale mixing performance. It introduces gas-liquid, liquid-liquid, and gas-liquid-liquid micro-dispersion equipment and dispersion law, micro-scale heat/mass transfer performance, as well as homogeneous and heterogeneous micro-scale reactions, micro-scale absorption, extraction, and reaction processes enhancement technology. For the application of microchemical technology in the area of material interpretation, nano material preparation technology, fiber material preparation technology and special structure material preparation technology are introduced. Final content describes typical cases of industrial applications of gas-liquid absorption micro chemical equipment, liquid-liquid extraction micro chemical equipment, and chemical synthesis micro chemical equipment.

This book provides a concise and comprehensive introduction to several basic methods with more attention to their theoretical basis and applications in fluid dynamics. Furthermore, some new ideas are presented in this book, for example, a method to solve the transition matrix by difference operator transformation. For this method, the book gives the definition of Fourier integral transformation of translation operator, and proves the transition matrix equaling to the differential operator transformation, so that it is extended to general situations of explicit, implicit, multi-layer difference equations, etc. This flexible approach is also used in the differential part. In addition, the book also includes six types of equivalent stability definitions in two ways and deeply analyzes their errors, stabilities and convergences of the difference equations. What is more important, some new scientific contributions on lattice Boltzmann method (LBM) in recent years are presented in the book as well. The authors write the book combining their ten years teaching experience and research results and this book is intended for graduate students who are interested in the area of computational fluid dynamics (CFD). Authors list some new research achievements, such as simplified lattice Boltzmann method, the simplified lattice Boltzmann flux solver and discrete unified gas kinetic scheme, and expect that this new information could give readers possible further investigating ideas in their future research on CFD area.

This open access book conducts systematic and comprehensive research on urban spatial development problems in China from territorial perspectives, based on the scientific theory on human settlements environment. By integrating the theories of globalization, spatial planning, state intervention, and beyond, the author systematically sorts out both domestic and foreign urban spatial planning theories at national levels. Moreover, population, industries, natural resources, ecological environments, and management mechanisms involved during the urbanization and urban development process were analyzed in order to propose the theory and methods of national spatial planning. This book is recommended for researchers and practitioners in the fields of human settlement environment, urban, and regional planning; graduate students as well as teachers of urban planning, geography, architecture, regional science, and other related majors in universities, and public officials.

This book provides a concise and comprehensive introduction to several basic methods with more attention to their theoretical basis and applications in fluid dynamics. Furthermore, some new ideas are presented in this book, for example, a method to solve the transition matrix by difference operator transformation. For this method, the book gives the definition of Fourier integral transformation of translation operator, and proves the transition matrix equaling to the differential operator transformation, so that it is extended to general situations of explicit, implicit, multi-layer difference equations, etc. This flexible approach is also used in the differential part. In addition, the book also includes six types of equivalent stability definitions in two ways and deeply analyzes their errors, stabilities and convergences of the difference equations. What is more important, some new scientific contributions on lattice Boltzmann method (LBM) in recent years are presented in the book as well. The authors write the book combining their ten years teaching experience and research results and this book is intended for graduate students who are interested in the area of computational fluid dynamics (CFD). Authors list some new research achievements, such as simplified lattice Boltzmann method, the simplified lattice Boltzmann flux solver and discrete unified gas kinetic scheme, and expect that this new information could give readers possible further investigating ideas in their future research on CFD area.

This SpringerBrief provides the first systematic review of the existing works of cohesive subgraph search (CSS) over large heterogeneous information networks (HINs). It also covers the research breakthroughs of this area, including models, algorithms and comparison studies in recent years. This SpringerBrief offers a list of promising future research directions of performing CSS over large HINs. The authors first classify the existing works of CSS over HINs according to the classic cohesiveness metrics such as core, truss, clique, connectivity, density, etc., and then extensively review the specific models and their corresponding search solutions in each group. Note that since the bipartite network is a special case of HINs, all the models developed for general HINs can be directly applied to bipartite networks, but the models customized for bipartite networks may not be easily extended for other general HINs due to their restricted settings. The authors also analyze and compare these cohesive subgraph models (CSMs) and solutions systematically. Specifically, the authors compare different groups of CSMs and analyze both their similarities and differences, from multiple perspectives such as cohesiveness constraints, shared properties, and computational efficiency. Then, for the CSMs in each group, the authors further analyze and compare their model properties and high-level algorithm ideas. This SpringerBrief targets researchers, professors, engineers and graduate students, who are working in the areas of graph data management and graph mining. Undergraduate students who are majoring in computer science, databases, data and knowledge engineering, and data science will also want to read this SpringerBrief.

A practical introduction to state-of-the-art freeform optics design for LED packages and applications By affording designers the freedom to create complex, aspherical optical surfaces with minimal or no aberrations, freeform design transcends the constraints imposed by hundreds of years of optics design and fabrication. Combining unprecedented design freedom with precise light irradiation control, freeform optics design is also revolutionizing the design and manufacture of high quality LED lighting. The first and only book of its kind, Freeform Optics for LED Packages and Applications helps put readers at the forefront of the freeform optics revolution. Designed to function as both an authoritative review of the current state of the industry and a practical introduction to advanced optical design for LED lighting, this book makes learning and mastering freeform optics skills simpler and easier than ever before with: Real-world examples and case studies systematically describing an array of algorithms and designs—from new freeform algorithms to design methods to advanced optical designsCoding for all freeform optics algorithms covered—makes it easier and more convenient to start developing points of freeform optics and construct lenses or reflectors, right awayCase studies of a range of products, including designs for a freeform optics LED bulb, an LED spotlight, LED street lights, an LED BLU, and many more Freeform Optics for LED Packages and Applications is must-reading for optical design engineers and LED researchers, as well as advanced-level students with an interest in LED lighting. It is also an indispensable working resource design practitioners within the LED lighting industry.