Kasper Lippert-Rasmussen

VIDENSKABSTEORIEN I GRUNDRIDS handler om de store spørgsmål i videnskaben. Om hvad videnskab egentlig er, om hvordan man skelner mellem videnskab og ikke-videnskab, om hvordan vi i det hele taget opnår viden om et videnskabeligt felt, og om hvordan det videnskabelige arbejdsfelt fundamentalt set er struktureret. Det er afgørende at vide, hvad der kendetegner (ny) viden videnskabeligt set. Både som samfundsborger og studerende. VIDENSKABSTEORIEN I GRUNDRIDS har til formål at give en basal indføring i forskellige teorier om videnskab og videnskabelig viden. Den har et pædagogisk og pluralistisk udgangspunkt. I bogen bruges bl.a. begreberne ontologi, erkendelsesteori, metodologi og deskriptiv versus normativ til at hjælpe den studerende med at reflektere teoretisk over egen praksis og grundlag. Forskellige videnskabsteorier har forskellige bud på, hvordan den studerende kan analysere samfundsvidenskabens og statskundskabens grundlag. Viften af de præsenterede videnskabsteorier skal sikre, at der ikke optræder blinde vinkler, da der langtfra er enighed mellem de forskellige videnskabsteorier om disse spørgsmål. For at skabe overblik rubriceres de forskellige retninger i henholdsvis naturalisme og konstruktivisme. VIDENSKABSTEORIEN I GRUNDRIDS er skrevet af erfarne undervisere og forskere, og teorierne suppleres løbende med eksempler fra især statskundskabens verden.

In a generic sense, to discriminate is to differentiate. Generic discrimination is not wrongful. But many instances of a more specific form of discrimination – differentiating between people because they are members of different socially salient groups (henceforth: group discrimination) – are wrongful. This means that people subjected to group discrimination are often wronged, and this bears importantly on whether such acts are morally impermissible. The three main accounts of what makes group discrimination wrongful appeal to considerations of harm, disrespect, and social relations of inequality, respectively. While each of them can explain the wrongfulness of some paradigmatic instances of wrongful direct discrimination, they explain the wrongfulness of a set of three important non-paradigmatic forms of discrimination – indirect discrimination, implicit bias, and algorithmic discrimination – less well. Overall, the prospects of a monistic account of the wrongfulness of discrimination are bleak.

In a generic sense, to discriminate is to differentiate. Generic discrimination is not wrongful. But many instances of a more specific form of discrimination – differentiating between people because they are members of different socially salient groups (henceforth: group discrimination) – are wrongful. This means that people subjected to group discrimination are often wronged, and this bears importantly on whether such acts are morally impermissible. The three main accounts of what makes group discrimination wrongful appeal to considerations of harm, disrespect, and social relations of inequality, respectively. While each of them can explain the wrongfulness of some paradigmatic instances of wrongful direct discrimination, they explain the wrongfulness of a set of three important non-paradigmatic forms of discrimination – indirect discrimination, implicit bias, and algorithmic discrimination – less well. Overall, the prospects of a monistic account of the wrongfulness of discrimination are bleak.

“Thou hypocrite, first cast out the beam out of thine own eye; and then shalt thou see clearly to cast out the mote out of thy brother's eye” says the Bible. In other words: there is something problematic about one person blaming another, when the blamer's faults are even greater. Many believe that even if one has done something blameworthy, one can dismiss blame when coming from a hypocritical blamer. Kasper Lippert-Rasmussen examines the nature and ethics of standingless, hypocritical blame. It argues that hypocrites lack standing to blame in virtue of their lack of commitment to the norms to which they appeal in their blame; that hypocritical blame is pro tanto morally wrong because it involves treating the blamee as an inferior; and that there are many other sources of lacking standing to blame than hypocrisy, e.g., complicity. Lippert-Rasmussen extrapolates these analyses to other moral responses, notably praising and forgiving. So far, philosophers interested in standing have focused narrowly on blaming, but many other moral responses require standing as well. Indeed, Lippert-Rasmussen argues that considerations about standing apply to illocutionary acts not involving appeals to moral norms, e.g., non-moral encouragements and epistemic blame. In closing, Lippert-Rasmussen uses insights related to the idea of standing as a basis for making a grand claim about how part of morality is interpersonal in a sense often ignored in discussions of mainstream first-order moral theories, and to elucidate the nature of the moral wrong involved in relying on negative statistical generalizations about certain groups of people.

Over the last twenty years, many political philosophers have rejected the idea that justice is fundamentally about distribution. Rather, justice is about social relations, and the so-called distributive paradigm should be replaced by a new relational paradigm. Kasper Lippert-Rasmussen seeks to describe, refine, and assess these thoughts and to propose a comprehensive form of egalitarianism which includes central elements from both relational and distributive paradigms. He shows why many of the challenges that luck egalitarianism faces reappear, once we try to specify relational egalitarianism more fully. His discussion advances understanding of the nature of the relational ideal, and introduces new conceptual tools for understanding it and for exploring the important question of why it is desirable in the first place to relate as equals. Even severe critics of the distributive understanding of justice will find that this book casts important new light on the ideal to which they subscribe.

Kasper Lippert-Rasmussen here poses the question: "Is affirmative action morally (un)justifiable?" As a phrase that frequently surfaces in major headlines, affirmative action is a highly controversial and far-reaching issue, yet most of the recent scholarly literature surrounding the topic tends to focus on defending one side or another in a particular case of affirmative action. Lippert-Rasmussen instead takes a wide-angle view, addressing each of the prevailing contemporary arguments for and against affirmative action. In his introduction, he proposes an amended definition of affirmative action and considers what forms, from quotas to outreach strategies, may fall under this revised definition. He then analyzes the strengths and weaknesses of each position, relative to each other, and applies recent discussions in political philosophy to assess if and how each argument might justify different conclusions given different cases or philosophical frameworks. Each chapter investigates an argument for or against affirmative action. The six arguments for it consist of compensation, anti-discrimination, equality of opportunity, role model, diversity, and integration. The five arguments against it are reverse discrimination, stigma, mismatch, publicity, and merit. Lippert-Rasmussen also expands the discussion to include affirmative action for groups beyond the prototypical examples of African Americans and women, and to consider health and minority languages as possible criteria for inclusion in affirmative action initiatives. Based on the comparative strength of anti-discrimination and equality of opportunity arguments, Making Sense of Affirmative Action ultimately makes a case in favor of affirmative action; however, its originality lies in Lippert-Rasmussen's careful exploration of moral justifiability as a contextual evaluative measure and his insistence that complexity and a comparative focus are inherent to this important issue.

Nyere politisk teori er et forsøg på at analysere sig frem til principperne for det retfærdige samfund. Den amerikanske filosof John Rawls’ bog A Theory of Justice fra 1971 er et centralt udgangspunkt for traditionen. Konkurrerende samfundsmodeller med en minimalstat som omdrejningspunkt, eller med fokus på fællesskab frem for individuelle rettigheder, blev formuleret som alternativ til Rawls’ socialliberalemodel. Allervigtigst blev metoder udviklet til systematisk analyse af de konkurrerende værdier vi må overveje, når vi demokratisk drøfter, hvorledes samfundets grundlæggende institutioner skal indrettes. Dette har muliggjort oplysende og nydannende analyser af centrale temaer såsom diskrimination, immigration, og global retfærdighed. Bogen giver en grundig og sammenhængende introduktion til såvel decentrale teorier som en vifte af aktuelle temaer. Bogens fire forfattere har bidraget bredt til forskningen inden for feltet, og har stor erfaring med at formidle deres viden. Kasper Lippert-Rasmussen, ph.d., er professor ved Institut for Statskundskab, Aarhus UniversitetSøren Flinch Midtgaard, ph.d., er lektor ved Institut for Statskundskab, Aarhus UniversitetLasse Nielsen, ph.d., er lektor ved Institut for Kulturvidenskaber, Syddansk Universitet Tore Vincents Olsen, ph.d., er lektor ved Institut for Statskundskab, Aarhus Universitet

Over the last twenty years, many political philosophers have rejected the idea that justice is fundamentally about distribution. Rather, justice is about social relations, and the so-called distributive paradigm should be replaced by a new relational paradigm. Kasper Lippert-Rasmussen seeks to describe, refine, and assess these thoughts and to propose a comprehensive form of egalitarianism which includes central elements from both relational and distributive paradigms. He shows why many of the challenges that luck egalitarianism faces reappear, once we try to specify relational egalitarianism more fully. His discussion advances understanding of the nature of the relational ideal, and introduces new conceptual tools for understanding it and for exploring the important question of why it is desirable in the first place to relate as equals. Even severe critics of the distributive understanding of justice will find that this book casts important new light on the ideal to which they subscribe.

Kasper Lippert-Rasmussen tackles all the major questions concerning luck egalitarianism, providing deep, penetrating and original discussion of recent academic discourses on distributive justice as well as responses to some of the main objections in the literature. It offers a new answer to the “Why equality?” and “Equality of what?” questions, and provides a robust luck egalitarian response to the recent criticisms of luck egalitarianism by social relations egalitarians. This systematic, theoretical introduction illustrates the broader picture of distributive justice and enables the reader to understand the core intuitions underlying, or conflicting with, luck egalitarianism.

Kasper Lippert-Rasmussen tackles the major questions concerning luck egalitarianism, providing deep, penetrating and original discussion of recent academic discourses on distributive justice as well as responses to some of the main objections in the literature. He offers a new answer to the “Why equality?” and “Equality of what?” questions, and provides a robust luck egalitarian response to the recent criticisms of luck egalitarianism by social relations egalitarians. This systematic, theoretical introduction illustrates the broader picture of distributive justice and enables the reader to understand the core intuitions underlying, or conflicting with, luck egalitarianism.

Samfundsvidenskab er en mangfoldig størrelse præget af uenighed omkring, hvordan vi opnår viden, og hvad der kan betegnes som videnskab. Disse spørgsmål er ikke kun vigtige på et teoretisk niveau, men spiller en afgørende rolle for, hvordan man anlægger en samfundsvidenskabelig analyse. Denne bog præsenterer samfundsvidenskabernes videnskabsteori fra tre perspektiver. For det første præsenteres to centrale teoretiske og metodiske tilgange: hypotesetest og forståelse/fortolkning. Dernæst gennemgås de vigtigste videnskabsteoretiske traditioner og positioner: positivisme, kritisk rationalisme, videnskabsparadigmer, hermeneutik, fænomenologi, pragmatisme, kritisk teori, poststrukturalisme, socialkonstruktivisme og kritisk realisme. Endelig sættes der fokus på en række vigtige temaer i det samfundsvidenskabelige arbejde: rationalitet, forklaring, værdier, metodologisk perspektiv, sandhed, relativisme samt samfundsforskningens indlejring i samfundet. Bogen er skrevet af førende kræfter på området, og der præsenteres løbende eksempler på de forskellige positioner og temaers betydning for samfundsvidenskabelig forskning. I den foreliggende 3. udgave af bogen er kapitlerne om hermeneutik/fænomenologi, kritisk teori, strukturalisme/poststrukturalisme og kritisk realisme nyskrevne. De øvrige kapitler er gennemgående revideret og ajourført. Bogens redaktører: Michael Hviid Jacobsen er professor på Aalborg Universitet, Kasper Lippert-Rasmussen er professor på Aarhus Universitet, og Peter Nedergaard er professor på Københavns Universitet.

Erik Rasmussen (1917-1995) anses af mange for at være dansk statskundskabs ophavsmand. Som en af landets to første professorer i faget var han i årene 1959-1984 med til at opbygge Institut for Statskundskab ved Aarhus Universitet. Hans lærebog, Komparativ Politik (1968-69), var obligatorisk for de første generationer af cand. scient. pol.’er og med til at skole disse i den videnskabelige værdirelativisme, strukturfunktionalismen og David Easton’s opfattelse af politik og det politiske system. I sine senere år søgte Rasmussen især at kaste et kritisk lys over, hvad han anså for at være sin samtids uigennemtænkte »lighedsentusiasme«. Rasmussen var historiker af uddannelse og havde et udsædvanligt bredt videnskabeligt udsyn. Gennem hele sit akademiske virke var han stærkt optaget af videnskabsteoretiske aspekter ved statskundskaben. IndholdsoversigtRasmussenRedaktionelt forordKapitel 1. Erik Rasmussens liv og virkeKapitel 2. Den videnskabelige værdirelativismeKapitel 3. Videnskabelighed og intersubjektivitetKapitel 4. Hvad er politologi? Kapitel 5. Politiske systemer og strukturfunktionsanalysenKapitel 6. LighedKapitel 7. PerspektiveringKapitel 8. BegrebslisteKapitel 9. TekstudsnitLitteratur

What is discrimination? There are certain instances of differential treatment that almost anyone would describe as discriminatory; yet upon deeper examination, this near-unanimity gives way to disagreement and difference. For instance, is it discrimination when hospitals hire non-smokers only? Not only do people differ on which cases of differential treatment they see as discriminatory, they also disagree about when discrimination is morally wrong; what makes it morally wrong; and, indeed, about whether all forms of discrimination are morally wrong! Finally, many disagree over what should be done about wrongful discrimination-especially about what the state could permissibly do to eliminate wrongful discrimination, e.g. in people's love lives. This book addresses these issues. It argues that there are different concepts of discrimination and that different purposes pertaining to different contexts determine which one is the most useful. It gives special attention to a concept of discrimination that ties discrimination to differential treatment of people on the basis of their membership in socially salient groups. Second, it argues that when discrimination is wrong, it is so first and foremost because of its harmful effects. Third, it takes issue with some of the standard devices used to counteract discrimination and submits that combating discrimination requires more than state actions. Finally, it argues that states may sometimes permissibly discriminate. "[Lippert-Rasmussen] is a master of advancing discussion on a topic by showing that where the rest of us saw only two or three possible positions, there are many positions, often smeared together in a confused way in prior writings on the topic. The different views need to be carefully distinguished, and we then need to look carefully at what can be said for and against each in turn. When we do this, our view of the issues significantly shifts. This method and its fruits are evident throughout the book… [The] author's analytical skill and creative imagination in following through this method make the book a pleasure to read. " -Richard J. Arneson, Professor of Philosophy, University of California, San Diego

Klassisk og moderne politisk teori er en bred indføring i den politiske teoris centrale teorier, personer, temaer og begreber fra Platon og Aristoteles til i dag. Bogen er skrevet af førende forskere og eksperter og er en autoritativ milepæl i dansk samfundsvidenskab. Klassisk og moderne politisk teori er opbygget kronologisk og består af fem dele: Fra antikken til den begyndende renæssance Klassiske tænkere - fra renæssancen til oplysningstiden Det lange århundrede 1789-1914 1914-1945 Politisk teori efter 1945 Hver del indledes med en præsentation af periodens politiske og sociale klima. Herefter gennemgår de enkelte kapitler periodens centrale teoriers baggrund og grundideer. Hvert kapitel indeholder endvidere biografiske oplysninger om teoriernes ophavsmænd samt en oversigt over nøglebegreber og definitioner. Klassisk og moderne politisk teori er redigeret af JØRN LOFTAGER, lektor, ph.d., Aarhus Universitet, og LARS BO KASPERSEN, professor, ph.d., CBS – Handelshøjskolen i København. Tildelt Sven Henningsen-prisen for 2009 for årets bedste, alment tilgængelige bog inden for fagene samtidshistorie, statskundskab og international politik. I deres udtalelse om bogen skriver legatbestyrelsen: "Storværket Klassisk og moderne politisk teori er en kraftpræstation af redaktørerne, Lars Bo Kaspersen og Jørn Loftager. Over 69 kapitler og 1273 sider har de organiseret en samlet præsentation af politisk teori i bredeste forstand, der dækker perioden fra den klassiske antikke politiske teori og frem til de nyeste overvejelser. Dermed tilbydes læseren et imponerende overblik over teoridannelser, der belyser politik fra mange forskellige vinkler, alt sammen i læsevenlige bidrag, der forklarer nøglebegreber og præsenterer komplekse indsigter uden at overforenkle. Bogen har været otte år undervejs og vil blive stående som et helt centralt bidrag på sit felt. Bogen er et på dansk unikt eksempel på, at selv komplicerede politiske teorier lader sig formidle og fremstille på en alment tilgængelig måde. Efter bestyrelsens skøn, er det årets bedste eksempel." OBS! Første oplag af Klassisk og moderne politisk teori sælges med en gratis e-bog. Den vejledning, der står på bogens første side, er desværre ikke længere gyldig. I stedet skal man maile til [email protected] for at få tilsendt en gratis e-bog. I mailen skal man oplyse koden fra bogens første side.

Three questions that loom large in moral and political philosophy are these: Can deontological moral constraints be justified? When, if ever, are we morally responsible for what we do? How is the ideal of equality best configured? 'Deontology, Responsibility and Equality' deals with selected aspects of these three broad questions. It discusses critically certain attempts by Frances Kamm and Thomas Nagel (among others) to account for the impermissibility of minimising violations in terms of moral status. Also, it challenges the view that there is a morally relevant difference between doing and allowing harm and, especially, between killing and letting die. In relation to the second question, it concentrates on recent developments within compatibilist accounts of moral responsibility prompted by the work of Harry Frankfurt. It challenges his purported refutation of the principle of alternative possibilities as well as certain positive compatibilist, identification-based accounts of responsibility. Finally, with respect to the last question, the book focuses on how we should understand the ideal of equality of opportunity and the moral significance of the distinction between social and natural inequalities. It defends equality of outcome over equality of opportunity and the view that natural inequalities are, if bad, no less bad than social inequalities. This book has been accepted at the University of Copenhagen for a public defence as a Dr Phil dissertation.

Lighedsidealet er under angreb. I ingen af de tidligere socialistiske lande lykkedes det at skabe et klasseløst samfund. Mange mener derfor, at ethvert forsøg på at skabe et lighedsbaseret samfund er dømt til at mislykkes. Har lighedsidealet spillet fallit? Med udgangspunkt i teorier, fremsat af førende politiske filosoffer som Rawls, Dworkin, Nozick og Taylor, undersøger forfatterne hvilke former for lighed, det overhovedet er værd at stræbe efter, og hvordan lighedsidealet kan begrundes. Nils Holtug, Klemens Kappel og Kasper Lippert-Rasmussen er alle tilknyttet Institut for filosofi på Københavns Universitet.