Khalid Saeed

Le aflatossine sono potenti metaboliti secondari epatotossici e cancerogeni prodotti prevalentemente da Aspergillus flavus e Aspergillus parasiticus e costituiscono la classe di micotossine pi ampiamente caratterizzata. I principali analoghi delle aflatossine comprendono le aflatossine B1, B2, G1 e G2. L'esposizione alle aflatossine rappresenta un'importante sfida per la salute pubblica, in particolare nei Paesi a basso e medio reddito, che richiede lo sviluppo e l'attuazione di strategie di intervento fattibili ed economicamente vantaggiose per le popolazioni ad alto rischio. Queste micotossine sono contaminanti pervasivi dei prodotti alimentari di base nelle regioni in via di sviluppo economico; tuttavia, la loro presenza pu essere mitigata attraverso il miglioramento delle pratiche di gestione pre- e post-raccolta. Le autorit di regolamentazione hanno stabilito dei limiti massimi ammissibili per le aflatossine negli alimenti, oltre i quali i prodotti sono considerati inadatti al consumo umano. Questo libro esamina l'impatto tossicologico delle aflatossine sulla salute umana e valuta gli approcci attuali per la prevenzione e il controllo della contaminazione da aflatossine nei sistemi alimentari.

Aflatoxine sind potente hepatotoxische und karzinogene Sekund rmetaboliten, die vorwiegend von Aspergillus flavus und Aspergillus parasiticus produziert werden und die am umfassendsten charakterisierte Klasse von Mykotoxinen darstellen. Zu den wichtigsten Aflatoxin-Analoga geh ren die Aflatoxine B1, B2, G1 und G2. Die Aflatoxinbelastung stellt eine gro e Herausforderung f r die ffentliche Gesundheit dar, insbesondere in L ndern mit niedrigem und mittlerem Einkommen, und erfordert die Entwicklung und Umsetzung praktikabler, kosteneffektiver Interventionsstrategien f r Bev lkerungsgruppen mit erh htem Risiko. Diese Mykotoxine verunreinigen Grundnahrungsmittel in wirtschaftlichen Entwicklungsregionen stark; ihr Vorkommen kann jedoch durch verbesserte Praktiken vor und nach der Ernte gemindert werden. Die Aufsichtsbeh rden haben H chstwerte f r Aflatoxine in Lebensmitteln festgelegt, bei deren berschreitung die Produkte als f r den menschlichen Verzehr ungeeignet gelten. In diesem Buch werden die toxikologischen Auswirkungen von Aflatoxinen auf die menschliche Gesundheit untersucht und die derzeitigen Ans tze zur Pr vention und Kontrolle der Aflatoxinkontamination in Lebensmitteln bewertet.

Aflatoxins are potent hepatotoxic and carcinogenic secondary metabolites produced predominantly by Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus, and they constitute the most extensively characterized class of mycotoxins. The principal aflatoxin analogues include aflatoxins B1, B2, G1, and G2. Aflatoxin exposure represents a major public health challenge, particularly in low- and middle-income countries, necessitating the development and implementation of feasible, cost-effective intervention strategies for populations at elevated risk. These mycotoxins are pervasive contaminants of staple food commodities in economically developing regions; however, their occurrence can be mitigated through improved pre- and post-harvest management practices. Regulatory authorities have established maximum allowable limits for aflatoxins in foodstuffs, beyond which products are considered unfit for human consumption. This book examines the toxicological impacts of aflatoxins on human health and evaluates current approaches for the prevention and control of aflatoxin contamination in food systems.

This book provides an insight on different types of hardware and software-based caries detection methods and their limitations from treatment perspective. The different chapters are motivated to address some of the important gaps in the prevailing approaches and suggest suitable solution to them. Overall, it helps the reader to understand the caries detection methods to identify interproximal and occlusal caries. This also assists the practitioners. The book identifies multiple research issues on dental caries detection that open the practitioners’ horizons to an array of domains from which they can conclude practical insights about their area of interest.

Antioxidantien sind die Molek le, die die Oxidation anderer Molek le hemmen. Bei der Oxidation entstehen freie Radikale, die die Zellen sch digen und die Gesundheit in hohem Ma e beeintr chtigen k nnen. Antioxidantien gibt es sowohl in nat rlicher als auch in synthetischer Form. Antioxidantien sind reichhaltige Verbindungen, die vor allem in frischem Obst und Gem se vorkommen, und ihre Rolle bei der Verhinderung degenerativer Krankheiten ist vielversprechend. Im Allgemeinen werden nat rliche Antioxidantien von den Verbrauchern bevorzugt. Synthetische Antioxidantien sind in der Regel Verbindungen mit phenolischen Strukturen und verschiedenen Graden der Alkylsubstitution. Antioxidantien k nnen im menschlichen K rper eine wichtige Rolle spielen, da sie den zellul ren Oxidationsstatus ndern und Sch den an Proteinen, DNA und Membranlipiden verhindern k nnen und das Risiko verschiedener chronischer Krankheiten wie Herz-Kreislauf-Erkrankungen und Krebs verringern. Dieses Buch enth lt Informationen ber die Bedeutung von Antioxidantien, die Klassifizierung, die Vorteile f r ein gesundes Leben, die Mechanismen, verschiedene Antioxidantien f r die Nachhaltigkeit des Lebens, Extraktionsmethoden f r Antioxidantien und ihre Nachweismethoden.

Les antioxydants sont des mol cules qui inhibent l'oxydation d'autres mol cules. L'oxydation produit des radicaux libres qui peuvent endommager les cellules et affecter la sant de mani re extr me. Les antioxydants sont disponibles sous forme naturelle ou synth tique. Les antioxydants sont des compos s abondants que l'on trouve principalement dans les fruits et l gumes frais, et leur r le dans la pr vention des maladies d g n ratives est prometteur. En g n ral, les consommateurs pr f rent les antioxydants naturels. Les antioxydants synth tiques sont g n ralement des compos s ayant des structures ph noliques avec diff rents degr s de substitution alkyle. Les antioxydants pr sents dans le corps humain peuvent jouer un r le important, car ils peuvent modifier l' tat d'oxydation des cellules et pr venir les dommages caus s aux prot ines, l'ADN et aux lipides membranaires, et r duire le risque de plusieurs maladies chroniques telles que les maladies cardiovasculaires et le cancer. Ce livre couvre les informations concernant l'importance des antioxydants, la classification, les avantages pour une vie saine, les m canismes, les diff rents antioxydants pour la durabilit de la vie, les m thodes d'extraction des antioxydants et leurs m thodes de d tection.

Gli antiossidanti sono molecole che inibiscono l'ossidazione di altre molecole. Durante l'ossidazione si producono radicali liberi che possono danneggiare le cellule e compromettere la salute a livelli estremi. Gli antiossidanti sono disponibili sia in forma naturale che sintetica. Gli antiossidanti sono composti abbondanti che si trovano soprattutto nella frutta e nella verdura fresca e il loro ruolo nella prevenzione delle malattie degenerative promettente. In genere, gli antiossidanti naturali sono preferiti dai consumatori. Gli antiossidanti sintetici sono generalmente composti con strutture fenoliche con diversi gradi di sostituzione alchilica. Gli antiossidanti nel corpo umano possono svolgere un ruolo importante in quanto possono modificare lo stato ossidativo cellulare e prevenire il danneggiamento di proteine, DNA e lipidi di membrana, riducendo il rischio di diverse malattie croniche come quelle cardiovascolari e il cancro. Questo libro contiene informazioni sull'importanza degli antiossidanti, la classificazione, i benefici per una vita sana, i meccanismi, i diversi antiossidanti per la sostenibilit della vita, i metodi di estrazione degli antiossidanti e i loro metodi di rilevamento.

Os antioxidantes s o as mol culas que inibem a oxida o de outras mol culas. Durante a oxida o, s o produzidos radicais livres que podem danificar as c lulas e afetar a sa de a n veis extremos. Os antioxidantes est o dispon veis tanto em formas naturais como sint ticas. Os antioxidantes s o compostos abundantes que se encontram sobretudo em frutos e legumes frescos, e o seu papel na preven o de doen as degenerativas prometedor. Geralmente, os antioxidantes naturais s o preferidos pelos consumidores. Os antioxidantes sint ticos s o geralmente compostos com estruturas fen licas de v rios graus de substitui o alqu lica. Os antioxidantes no corpo humano podem desempenhar um papel importante, uma vez que podem alterar o estado oxidativo celular e evitar danos nas prote nas, no ADN e nos l pidos das membranas e reduzir o risco de v rias doen as cr nicas, como as doen as cardiovasculares e o cancro. Este livro abrange informa es sobre a import ncia dos antioxidantes, classifica o, benef cios para uma vida saud vel, mecanismos, diferentes antioxidantes para a sustentabilidade da vida, m todos de extra o de antioxidantes e respectivos m todos de dete o.

First published in 1998, this second edition includes the 10 published essays and 3 working papers collected in the first edition, as well as additional writings on sustainable development penned by Saeed and his students over the subsequent six years. Two of the original working papers were revised and published between editions and their published versions now appear. Lastly, the conclusion has been reformulated and the introduction contains insights from extended research. Part I comprises the first 7 chapters and deals with modelling generic issues concerning sustainable development. Part II comprises chapters 8 to 10 and extends the concepts from part I to the controversies on poverty and hunger, technological development, and entrepreneurship. Part III relates six case studies covering a variety of local issues in selected developing countries, including agricultural development policy in Pakistan, the impact of the rural credit system on Thailand’s agricultural economy, the problem of food self-sufficiency in Vietnam and water resources management in Saudi Arabia.

First published in 1998, this second edition includes the 10 published essays and 3 working papers collected in the first edition, as well as additional writings on sustainable development penned by Saeed and his students over the subsequent six years. Two of the original working papers were revised and published between editions and their published versions now appear. Lastly, the conclusion has been reformulated and the introduction contains insights from extended research. Part I comprises the first 7 chapters and deals with modelling generic issues concerning sustainable development. Part II comprises chapters 8 to 10 and extends the concepts from part I to the controversies on poverty and hunger, technological development, and entrepreneurship. Part III relates six case studies covering a variety of local issues in selected developing countries, including agricultural development policy in Pakistan, the impact of the rural credit system on Thailand’s agricultural economy, the problem of food self-sufficiency in Vietnam and water resources management in Saudi Arabia.

The book focuses on an image processing technique known as binarization. It provides a comprehensive survey over existing binarization techniques for both document and graphic images. A number of evaluation techniques have been presented for quantitative comparison of different binarization methods. The book provides results obtained comparing a number of standard and widely used binarization algorithms using some standard evaluation metrics. The comparative results presented in tables and charts facilitates understanding the process. In addition to this, the book presents techniques for preparing a reference image which is very much important for quantitative evaluation of the binarization techniques. The results are produced taking image samples from standard image databases.

This Springer Brief presents a comprehensive survey of the existing methodologies of background subtraction methods. It presents a framework for quantitative performance evaluation of different approaches and summarizes the public databases available for research purposes. This well-known methodology has applications in moving object detection from video captured with a stationery camera, separating foreground and background objects and object classification and recognition. The authors identify common challenges faced by researchers including gradual or sudden illumination change, dynamic backgrounds and shadow and ghost regions. This brief concludes with predictions on the future scope of the methods. Clear and concise, this brief equips readers to determine the most effective background subtraction method for a particular project. It is a useful resource for professionals and researchers working in this field.

The book focuses on an image processing technique known as binarization. It provides a comprehensive survey over existing binarization techniques for both document and graphic images. A number of evaluation techniques have been presented for quantitative comparison of different binarization methods. The book provides results obtained comparing a number of standard and widely used binarization algorithms using some standard evaluation metrics. The comparative results presented in tables and charts facilitates understanding the process. In addition to this, the book presents techniques for preparing a reference image which is very much important for quantitative evaluation of the binarization techniques. The results are produced taking image samples from standard image databases.