Kyoko Kusakabe

How can a country industrialise without causing environmental damage? How do development professionals ensure they act in the interests of recipients, rather than their own donor country? And how is the humanitarian project of development complicated by ideological objectives? The fourth edition of this renowned textbook covers the most urgent issues facing the field of development. With the return of Russia as a global actor, renewed conflict in the Middle East, and global inequality exacerbated by climate change and global health crises, the questions underpinning international development are increasingly fraught. For most of its history, international development was shaped by Cold War competition; at the turn of the twenty-first century, the paradigm shifted as China assumed a greater role, and post-9/11 US development initiatives were intended to reduce militancy in the Middle East. As these tensions return to the world stage, it is ever more important for students to ask what development is – or should be – and what it can achieve. With increased attention to gender and postcolonial perspectives and strong coverage of security, economics and global order, this book is essential reading for students of international development.

How can a country industrialise without causing environmental damage? How do development professionals ensure they act in the interests of recipients, rather than their own donor country? And how is the humanitarian project of development complicated by ideological objectives? The fourth edition of this renowned textbook covers the most urgent issues facing the field of development. With the return of Russia as a global actor, renewed conflict in the Middle East, and global inequality exacerbated by climate change and global health crises, the questions underpinning international development are increasingly fraught. For most of its history, international development was shaped by Cold War competition; at the turn of the twenty-first century, the paradigm shifted as China assumed a greater role, and post-9/11 US development initiatives were intended to reduce militancy in the Middle East. As these tensions return to the world stage, it is ever more important for students to ask what development is – or should be – and what it can achieve. With increased attention to gender and postcolonial perspectives and strong coverage of security, economics and global order, this book is essential reading for students of international development.

O estudo centra-se nos efeitos dos rendimentos dos trabalhadores transfronteiri os sobre as suas fam lias no pa s de origem. Os rendimentos provenientes de obras transfronteiri as provaram ser recursos muito importantes para a fam lia dos trabalhadores transfronteiri os. Ajuda a suavizar as despesas di rias necess rias e facilita o investimento em capital humano. O estudo tamb m mostra que, embora as mulheres sejam as gestoras do or amento na fam lia, elas apenas t m um papel decisivo para as pequenas despesas di rias. Para despesas maiores, os homens s o os decisores finais. Al m disso, mesmo envolvendo em trabalhos produtivos como homens, espera-se que as mulheres continuem a realizar trabalhos reprodutivos. Portanto, o fardo das mulheres aumenta; elas t m de se ajustar para cumprir duas tarefas. Al m disso, o estudo tamb m mostra que embora os rendimentos provenientes de trabalhos transfronteiri os ajudem as mulheres a ter uma maior contribui o econ mica para os seus agregados familiares, a rela o de g nero no agregado familiar n o muda muito; os homens ainda s o os chefes de fam lia devido influ ncia de normas tnicas e normas de g nero socialmente constru das. Contudo, pode ajudar as mulheres a terem uma melhor atitude por parte dos seus maridos.

Die Studie konzentriert sich auf die Auswirkungen der Einkommen von Grenzg ngern auf ihre Familien im Ursprungsland. Es hat sich gezeigt, dass das Einkommen aus der grenz berschreitenden Arbeit eine sehr wichtige Ressource f r die Familie des Grenzg ngers ist. Es hilft, die t glich notwendigen Ausgaben zu gl tten und erleichtert Investitionen in Humankapital. Die Studie zeigt auch, dass, obwohl Frauen die Budgetverwalter in der Familie sind, sie nur eine entscheidende Rolle f r die t glichen kleinen Ausgaben haben. Bei gr eren Ausgaben sind die M nner die endg ltigen Entscheidungstr ger. Dar ber hinaus wird von Frauen, obwohl sie wie M nner an produktiven Arbeiten beteiligt sind, immer noch erwartet, dass sie reproduktive Aufgaben erf llen. Daher wird die Belastung der Frauen erh ht; sie m ssen sich darauf einstellen, zwei Aufgaben zu erf llen. Au erdem zeigt die Studie, dass, obwohl das Einkommen aus der grenz berschreitenden Arbeit den Frauen hilft, einen gr eren konomischen Beitrag zu ihren Haushalten zu leisten, sich das Geschlechterverh ltnis im Haushalt nicht wesentlich ndert; M nner sind aufgrund des Einflusses ethnischer Normen und sozial konstruierter Geschlechternormen immer noch das Oberhaupt der Haushalte. Es kann jedoch dazu beitragen, dass Frauen von ihren Ehem nnern besser behandelt werden.

Lo studio si concentra sugli effetti dei redditi dei lavoratori transfrontalieri sulle loro famiglie nel paese d'origine. stato dimostrato che i redditi da lavoro transfrontaliero sono risorse molto importanti per la famiglia dei lavoratori transfrontalieri. Aiutano ad appianare le spese quotidiane necessarie e facilitano l'investimento nel capitale umano. Lo studio mostra anche che anche se le donne sono i gestori del bilancio nella famiglia, hanno un ruolo decisivo solo per le piccole spese quotidiane. Per le spese pi grandi, gli uomini sono i decisori finali. Inoltre, anche se sono coinvolte in lavori produttivi come gli uomini, ci si aspetta che le donne compiano ancora lavori riproduttivi. Di conseguenza, l'onere delle donne aumentato; devono adattarsi per adempiere a due compiti. Inoltre, lo studio mostra anche che, sebbene il reddito derivante dai lavori transfrontalieri aiuti le donne ad avere un maggiore contributo economico alle loro famiglie, la relazione di genere nella famiglia non cambia molto; gli uomini sono ancora il capo famiglia a causa dell'influenza delle norme etniche e delle norme di genere socialmente costruite. Tuttavia, pu aiutare le donne ad avere una migliore attenzione da parte dei loro mariti.

L' tude se concentre sur les effets des revenus des travailleurs transfrontaliers sur leurs familles dans le pays d'origine. Il a t d montr que les revenus des travailleurs transfrontaliers sont des ressources tr s importantes pour leur famille. Ils permettent de lisser les d penses quotidiennes n cessaires et facilitent l'investissement dans le capital humain. L' tude montre galement que m me si les femmes g rent le budget de la famille, elles n'ont un r le d cisif que pour les petites d penses quotidiennes. Pour les d penses plus importantes, ce sont les hommes qui prennent les d cisions finales. En outre, m me si elles participent des travaux productifs comme les hommes, les femmes sont toujours cens es accomplir des travaux reproductifs. Par cons quent, la charge des femmes est accrue; elles doivent s'adapter pour remplir deux t ches. En outre, l' tude montre galement que, m me si les revenus tir s des travaux transfrontaliers permettent aux femmes d'apporter une contribution conomique plus importante leur foyer, la relation entre les sexes au sein du foyer ne change pas beaucoup; les hommes restent le chef de famille en raison de l'influence des normes ethniques et des normes de genre socialement construites. Cependant, cela peut aider les femmes avoir une meilleure relation avec leurs maris.

Badanie koncentruje się na wplywie dochod w pracownik w transgranicznych na ich rodziny w kraju pochodzenia. Dochody z pracy transgranicznej okazaly się bardzo ważnymi zasobami dla rodzin pracownik w transgranicznych. Pomagają one zlagodzic codzienne niezbędne wydatki i ulatwiają inwestycje w kapital ludzki. Badanie pokazuje r wnież, że chociaż to kobiety zarządzają budżetem w rodzinie, to mają one decydującą rolę w codziennych drobnych wydatkach. W przypadku większych wydatk w to mężczyźni podejmują ostateczne decyzje. Ponadto, mimo że kobiety angażują się w prace produkcyjne, tak jak mężczyźni, nadal oczekuje się od nich wykonywania prac reprodukcyjnych. W związku z tym, obciążenie kobiet jest większe; muszą one dostosowac się do wypelniania dw ch zadań. Ponadto, badanie pokazuje, że chociaż dochody z pracy transgranicznej pomagają kobietom wnieśc większy wklad ekonomiczny do ich gospodarstw domowych, relacja plci w gospodarstwie domowym nie zmienia się zbytnio; mężczyźni nadal są glową gospodarstwa domowego ze względu na wplyw norm etnicznych i spolecznie skonstruowanych norm plci. Jednakże, może to pom c kobietom w uzyskaniu lepszego wsparcia ze strony ich męż w.