Leon O Chua

This book presents a new approach to the study of physical nonlinear circuits and advanced computing architectures with memristor devices. Such a unified approach to memristor theory has never been systematically presented in book form. After giving an introduction on memristor-based nonlinear dynamical circuits (e.g., periodic/chaotic oscillators) and their use as basic computing analogue elements, the authors delve into the nonlinear dynamical properties of circuits and systems with memristors and present the flux-charge analysis, a novel method for analyzing the nonlinear dynamics starting from writing Kirchhoff laws and constitutive relations of memristor circuit elements in the flux-charge domain. This analysis method reveals new peculiar and intriguing nonlinear phenomena in memristor circuits, such as the coexistence of different nonlinear dynamical behaviors, extreme multistability and bifurcations without parameters. The book also describeshow arrays of memristor-based nonlinear oscillators and locally-coupled neural networks can be applied in the field of analog computing architectures, for example for pattern recognition. The book will be of interest to scientists and engineers involved in the conceptual design of physical memristor devices and systems, mathematical and circuit models of physical processes, circuits and networks design, system engineering, or data processing and system analysis.

This book presents a new approach to the study of physical nonlinear circuits and advanced computing architectures with memristor devices. Such a unified approach to memristor theory has never been systematically presented in book form. After giving an introduction on memristor-based nonlinear dynamical circuits (e.g., periodic/chaotic oscillators) and their use as basic computing analogue elements, the authors delve into the nonlinear dynamical properties of circuits and systems with memristors and present the flux-charge analysis, a novel method for analyzing the nonlinear dynamics starting from writing Kirchhoff laws and constitutive relations of memristor circuit elements in the flux-charge domain. This analysis method reveals new peculiar and intriguing nonlinear phenomena in memristor circuits, such as the coexistence of different nonlinear dynamical behaviors, extreme multistability and bifurcations without parameters. The book also describeshow arrays of memristor-based nonlinear oscillators and locally-coupled neural networks can be applied in the field of analog computing architectures, for example for pattern recognition. The book will be of interest to scientists and engineers involved in the conceptual design of physical memristor devices and systems, mathematical and circuit models of physical processes, circuits and networks design, system engineering, or data processing and system analysis.

This 4-volume compendium contains the verbatim hard copies of all color slides from the Chua Lecture Series presented at HP in Palo Alto, during the period from September 22 to November 24, 2015. Each lecture consists of 90 minutes, divided into a formal lecture, a discussion session, and an Encore of special trivia that the audience found mesmerizing. These lectures share some unique features of the classic Feynman Lectures on Physics, as much of the materials are presented in the unique style of the author, and the content is original as discovered or invented by the author himself. Unlike most technical books that suffer a notoriously short life span as their features could be superseded by superior models, this series of Chua lectures are intended to never be obsolete — many concepts and principles introduced are in fact new laws of nature, written in the language of sophomore-level mathematics, providing the foundation and the elan vital for initiating and nurturing future concepts and inventions. Volume I — covers everything that a researcher may want to know about memristors but is too afraid to ask. Volume II — shows that memristors can be either volatile or non-volatile, and effectively proving that synapses are non-volatile memristors, while action potentials are generated by locally-active memristors. Volume III — presents an overview of the fascinating phenomenon called chaos, while immersing the audience with the sights and sound of chaos from the Chua Circuit, invented in 1984 by Leon Chua, and has now become the standard textbook example of chaos exhibited by a real nonlinear electronic circuit, and not by computer simulations. Volume IV — surprises the audience with a new law of nature — dubbed the local activity principle, as discovered and proved mathematically in 1996 by Leon Chua. In particular, a Corollary of Chua's local activity theorem, dubbed the edge of chaos, is shown via insightful examples to be the originator of most complex phenomena, including intelligence, creativity, and deep learning. The edge of chaos is Mother Nature's tool for overcoming the tyranny of the second law of thermodynamics by providing an escape hatch for entropy to decrease over time. Indeed, the local activity principle which is profusely illustrated in the final volume, is widely recognized as a new law of thermodynamics, and is identified as the sine qua non of all complex phenomena, including life itself. Exclusive Access to the accompanying Video and Audio materials comes with the purchase of this book.

This 4-volume compendium contains the verbatim hard copies of all color slides from the Chua Lecture Series presented at HP in Palo Alto, during the period from September 22 to November 24, 2015. Each lecture consists of 90 minutes, divided into a formal lecture, a discussion session, and an Encore of special trivia that the audience found mesmerizing. These lectures share some unique features of the classic Feynman Lectures on Physics, as much of the materials are presented in the unique style of the author, and the content is original as discovered or invented by the author himself. Unlike most technical books that suffer a notoriously short life span as their features could be superseded by superior models, this series of Chua lectures are intended to never be obsolete — many concepts and principles introduced are in fact new laws of nature, written in the language of sophomore-level mathematics, providing the foundation and the elan vital for initiating and nurturing future concepts and inventions. Volume I — covers everything that a researcher may want to know about memristors but is too afraid to ask. Volume II — shows that memristors can be either volatile or non-volatile, and effectively proving that synapses are non-volatile memristors, while action potentials are generated by locally-active memristors. Volume III — presents an overview of the fascinating phenomenon called chaos, while immersing the audience with the sights and sound of chaos from the Chua Circuit, invented in 1984 by Leon Chua, and has now become the standard textbook example of chaos exhibited by a real nonlinear electronic circuit, and not by computer simulations. Volume IV — surprises the audience with a new law of nature — dubbed the local activity principle, as discovered and proved mathematically in 1996 by Leon Chua. In particular, a Corollary of Chua's local activity theorem, dubbed the edge of chaos, is shown via insightful examples to be the originator of most complex phenomena, including intelligence, creativity, and deep learning. The edge of chaos is Mother Nature's tool for overcoming the tyranny of the second law of thermodynamics by providing an escape hatch for entropy to decrease over time. Indeed, the local activity principle which is profusely illustrated in the final volume, is widely recognized as a new law of thermodynamics, and is identified as the sine qua non of all complex phenomena, including life itself. Exclusive Access to the accompanying Video and Audio materials comes with the purchase of this book.

This 4-volume compendium contains the verbatim hard copies of all color slides from the Chua Lecture Series presented at HP in Palo Alto, during the period from September 22 to November 24, 2015. Each lecture consists of 90 minutes, divided into a formal lecture, a discussion session, and an Encore of special trivia that the audience found mesmerizing. These lectures share some unique features of the classic Feynman Lectures on Physics, as much of the materials are presented in the unique style of the author, and the content is original as discovered or invented by the author himself. Unlike most technical books that suffer a notoriously short life span as their features could be superseded by superior models, this series of Chua lectures are intended to never be obsolete — many concepts and principles introduced are in fact new laws of nature, written in the language of sophomore-level mathematics, providing the foundation and the elan vital for initiating and nurturing future concepts and inventions. Volume I — covers everything that a researcher may want to know about memristors but is too afraid to ask. Volume II — shows that memristors can be either volatile or non-volatile, and effectively proving that synapses are non-volatile memristors, while action potentials are generated by locally-active memristors. Volume III — presents an overview of the fascinating phenomenon called chaos, while immersing the audience with the sights and sound of chaos from the Chua Circuit, invented in 1984 by Leon Chua, and has now become the standard textbook example of chaos exhibited by a real nonlinear electronic circuit, and not by computer simulations. Volume IV — surprises the audience with a new law of nature — dubbed the local activity principle, as discovered and proved mathematically in 1996 by Leon Chua. In particular, a Corollary of Chua's local activity theorem, dubbed the edge of chaos, is shown via insightful examples to be the originator of most complex phenomena, including intelligence, creativity, and deep learning. The edge of chaos is Mother Nature's tool for overcoming the tyranny of the second law of thermodynamics by providing an escape hatch for entropy to decrease over time. Indeed, the local activity principle which is profusely illustrated in the final volume, is widely recognized as a new law of thermodynamics, and is identified as the sine qua non of all complex phenomena, including life itself. Exclusive Access to the accompanying Video and Audio materials comes with the purchase of this book.

This 4-volume compendium contains the verbatim hard copies of all color slides from the Chua Lecture Series presented at HP in Palo Alto, during the period from September 22 to November 24, 2015. Each lecture consists of 90 minutes, divided into a formal lecture, a discussion session, and an Encore of special trivia that the audience found mesmerizing. These lectures share some unique features of the classic Feynman Lectures on Physics, as much of the materials are presented in the unique style of the author, and the content is original as discovered or invented by the author himself. Unlike most technical books that suffer a notoriously short life span as their features could be superseded by superior models, this series of Chua lectures are intended to never be obsolete — many concepts and principles introduced are in fact new laws of nature, written in the language of sophomore-level mathematics, providing the foundation and the elan vital for initiating and nurturing future concepts and inventions. Volume I — covers everything that a researcher may want to know about memristors but is too afraid to ask. Volume II — shows that memristors can be either volatile or non-volatile, and effectively proving that synapses are non-volatile memristors, while action potentials are generated by locally-active memristors. Volume III — presents an overview of the fascinating phenomenon called chaos, while immersing the audience with the sights and sound of chaos from the Chua Circuit, invented in 1984 by Leon Chua, and has now become the standard textbook example of chaos exhibited by a real nonlinear electronic circuit, and not by computer simulations. Volume IV — surprises the audience with a new law of nature — dubbed the local activity principle, as discovered and proved mathematically in 1996 by Leon Chua. In particular, a Corollary of Chua's local activity theorem, dubbed the edge of chaos, is shown via insightful examples to be the originator of most complex phenomena, including intelligence, creativity, and deep learning. The edge of chaos is Mother Nature's tool for overcoming the tyranny of the second law of thermodynamics by providing an escape hatch for entropy to decrease over time. Indeed, the local activity principle which is profusely illustrated in the final volume, is widely recognized as a new law of thermodynamics, and is identified as the sine qua non of all complex phenomena, including life itself. Exclusive Access to the accompanying Video and Audio materials comes with the purchase of this book.

This 4-volume compendium contains the verbatim hard copies of all color slides from the Chua Lecture Series presented at HP in Palo Alto, during the period from September 22 to November 24, 2015. Each lecture consists of 90 minutes, divided into a formal lecture, a discussion session, and an Encore of special trivia that the audience found mesmerizing. These lectures share some unique features of the classic Feynman Lectures on Physics, as much of the materials are presented in the unique style of the author, and the content is original as discovered or invented by the author himself. Unlike most technical books that suffer a notoriously short life span as their features could be superseded by superior models, this series of Chua lectures are intended to never be obsolete — many concepts and principles introduced are in fact new laws of nature, written in the language of sophomore-level mathematics, providing the foundation and the elan vital for initiating and nurturing future concepts and inventions. Volume I — covers everything that a researcher may want to know about memristors but is too afraid to ask. Volume II — shows that memristors can be either volatile or non-volatile, and effectively proving that synapses are non-volatile memristors, while action potentials are generated by locally-active memristors. Volume III — presents an overview of the fascinating phenomenon called chaos, while immersing the audience with the sights and sound of chaos from the Chua Circuit, invented in 1984 by Leon Chua, and has now become the standard textbook example of chaos exhibited by a real nonlinear electronic circuit, and not by computer simulations. Volume IV — surprises the audience with a new law of nature — dubbed the local activity principle, as discovered and proved mathematically in 1996 by Leon Chua. In particular, a Corollary of Chua's local activity theorem, dubbed the edge of chaos, is shown via insightful examples to be the originator of most complex phenomena, including intelligence, creativity, and deep learning. The edge of chaos is Mother Nature's tool for overcoming the tyranny of the second law of thermodynamics by providing an escape hatch for entropy to decrease over time. Indeed, the local activity principle which is profusely illustrated in the final volume, is widely recognized as a new law of thermodynamics, and is identified as the sine qua non of all complex phenomena, including life itself. Exclusive Access to the accompanying Video and Audio materials comes with the purchase of this book.

This invaluable volume ends the quest to uncover the secret recipes for predicting the long-term evolution of a ring of identical elementary cells where the binary state of each cell during each generation of an attractor (i.e. after the transients had disappeared) is determined uniquely by the state of its left and right neighbors in the previous generation, as decreed by one of 256 truth tables. As befitting the contents aimed at school children, it was found pedagogically appealing to code each truth table by coloring each of the 8 vertices of a cubical graph in red (for binary state 1), or blue (for binary state 0), forming a toy universe of 256 Boolean cubes, each bearing a different vertex color combination. The corresponding collection of 256 distinct Boolean cubes are then segegrated logically into 6 distinct groups where members from each group share certain common dynamics which allow the long-term evolution of the color configuration of each bit string, of arbitrary length, to be predicted painlessly, via a toy-like gaming procedure, without involving any calculation. In particular, the evolution of any bit string bearing any initial color configuration which resides in any one of the possibly many distinct attractors, can be systematically predicted, by school children who are yet to learn arithmetic, via a simple recipe, for any Boolean cube belonging to group 1, 2, 3, or 4. The simple recipe for predicting the time-asymptotic behaviors of Boolean cubes belonging to groups 1, 2, and 3 has been covered in Vols. I, II, ..., V. This final volume continues the recipe for each of the 108, out of 256, local rules, dubbed the Bernoulli rules, belonging to group 4. Here, for almost half of the toy universe, surprisingly simple recipes involving only the following three pieces of information are derived in Vol. VI; namely, a positive integer t, a positive, or negative, integer s, and a sign parameter ß > 0, or ß 0 (resp. s

The principle of local activity explains the emergence of complex patterns in a homogeneous medium. At first defined in the theory of nonlinear electronic circuits in a mathematically rigorous way, it can be generalized and proven at least for the class of nonlinear reaction-diffusion systems in physics, chemistry, biology, and brain research. Recently, it was realized by memristors for nanoelectronic device applications. In general, the emergence of complex patterns and structures is explained by symmetry breaking in homogeneous media, which is caused by local activity. This book argues that the principle of local activity is really fundamental in science, and can even be identified in quantum cosmology as symmetry breaking of local gauge symmetries generating the complexity of matter and forces in our universe. Applications are considered in economic, financial, and social systems with the emergence of equilibrium states, symmetry breaking at critical points of phase transitions and risky acting at the edge of chaos.

This penultimate volume contains numerous original, elegant, and surprising results in 1-dimensional cellular automata. Perhaps the most exciting, if not shocking, new result is the discovery that only 82 local rules, out of 256, suffice to predict the time evolution of any of the remaining 174 local rules from an arbitrary initial bit-string configuration. This is contrary to the well-known folklore that 256 local rules are necessary, leading to the new concept of quasi-global equivalence. Another surprising result is the introduction of a simple, yet explicit, infinite bit string called the super string S, which contains all random bit strings of finite length as sub-strings. As an illustration of the mathematical subtlety of this amazing discrete testing signal, the super string S is used to prove mathematically, in a trivial and transparent way, that rule 170 is as chaotic as a coin toss. Yet another unexpected new result, among many others, is the derivation of an explicit basin tree generation formula which provides an analytical relationship between the basin trees of globally-equivalent local rules. This formula allows the symbolic, rather than numerical, generation of the time evolution of any local rule corresponding to any initial bit-string configuration, from one of the 88 globally-equivalent local rules. But perhaps the most provocative idea is the proposal for adopting rule 137, over its three globally-equivalent siblings, including the heretofore more well-known rule 110, as the prototypical universal Turing machine.

One of the basic tenets of science is that deterministic systems are completely predictable-given the initial condition and the equations describing a system, the behavior of the system can be predicted 1 for all time. The discovery of chaotic systems has eliminated this viewpoint. Simply put, a chaotic system is a deterministic system that exhibits random behavior. Though identified as a robust phenomenon only twenty years ago, chaos has almost certainly been encountered by scientists and engi­ neers many times during the last century only to be dismissed as physical noise. Chaos is such a wide-spread phenomenon that it has now been reported in virtually every scientific discipline: astronomy, biology, biophysics, chemistry, engineering, geology, mathematics, medicine, meteorology, plasmas, physics, and even the social sci­ ences. It is no coincidence that during the same two decades in which chaos has grown into an independent field of research, computers have permeated society. It is, in fact, the wide availability of inex­ pensive computing power that has spurred much of the research in chaotic dynamics. The reason is simple: the computer can calculate a solution of a nonlinear system. This is no small feat. Unlike lin­ ear systems, where closed-form solutions can be written in terms of the system's eigenvalues and eigenvectors, few nonlinear systems and virtually no chaotic systems possess closed-form solutions.

Cellular Nonlinear/neural Network (CNN) technology is both a revolutionary concept and an experimentally proven new computing paradigm. Analogic cellular computers based on CNNs are set to change the way analog signals are processed and are paving the way to an analog computing industry. This unique undergraduate level textbook includes many examples and exercises, including CNN simulator and development software accessible via the Internet. It is an ideal introduction to CNNs and analogic cellular computing for students, researchers and engineers from a wide range of disciplines. Although its prime focus is on visual computing, the concepts and techniques described in the book will be of great interest to those working in other areas of research including modeling of biological, chemical and physical processes. Leon Chua, co-inventor of the CNN, and Tamás Roska are both highly respected pioneers in the field.

Cellular Nonlinear/neural Network (CNN) technology is both a revolutionary concept and an experimentally proven new computing paradigm. Analogic cellular computers based on CNNs are set to change the way analog signals are processed and are paving the way to an entire new analog computing industry. This unique undergraduate level textbook includes many examples and exercises, including CNN simulator and development software accessible via the Internet. It is an ideal introduction to CNNs and analogic cellular computing for students, researchers and engineers from a wide range of disciplines. Although its prime focus is on visual computing, the concepts and techniques described in the book will be of great interest to those working in other areas of research including modeling of biological, chemical and physical processes. Leon Chua, co-inventor of the CNN, and Tamás Roska are both highly respected pioneers in the field.

Bifurcation and chaos has dominated research in nonlinear dynamics for over two decades, and numerous introductory and advanced books have been published on this subject. There remains, however, a dire need for a textbook which provides a pedagogically appealing yet rigorous mathematical bridge between these two disparate levels of exposition. This book has been written to serve that unfulfilled need. Following the footsteps of Poincaré, and the renowned Andronov school of nonlinear oscillations, this book focuses on the qualitative study of high-dimensional nonlinear dynamical systems. Many of the qualitative methods and tools presented in the book have been developed only recently and have not yet appeared in textbook form. In keeping with the self-contained nature of the book, all the topics are developed with introductory background and complete mathematical rigor. Generously illustrated and written at a high level of exposition, this invaluable book will appeal to both the beginner and the advanced student of nonlinear dynamics interested in learning a rigorous mathematical foundation of this fascinating subject.

Bifurcation and Chaos has dominated research in nonlinear dynamics for over two decades and numerous introductory and advanced books have been published on this subject. There remains, however, a dire need for a textbook which provides a pedagogically appealing yet rigorous mathematical bridge between these two disparate levels of exposition. This book is written to serve the above unfulfilled need. Following the footsteps of Poincaré, and the renowned Andronov school of nonlinear oscillations, this book focuses on the qualitative study of high-dimensional nonlinear dynamical systems. Many of the qualitative methods and tools presented in this book were developed only recently and have not yet appeared in a textbook form. In keeping with the self-contained nature of this book, all topics are developed with an introductory background and complete mathematical rigor. Generously illustrated and written with a high level of exposition, this book will appeal to both beginners and advanced students of nonlinear dynamics interested in learning a rigorous mathematical foundation of this fascinating subject.

Revolutionary and original, this treatise presents a new paradigm of EMERGENCE and COMPLEXITY, with applications drawn from numerous disciplines, including artificial life, biology, chemistry, computation, physics, image processing, information science, etc. CNN is an acronym for Cellular Neural Networks when used in the context of brain science, or Cellular Nonlinear Networks, when used in the context of emergence and complexity. A CNN is modeled by cells and interactions: cells are defined as dynamical systems and interactions are defined via coupling laws. The CNN paradigm is a universal Turing machine and includes cellular automata and lattice dynamical systems as special cases. While the CNN paradigm is an example of REDUCTIONISM par excellence, the true origin of emergence and complexity is traced to a much deeper new concept called local activity. The numerous complex phenomena unified under this mathematically precise principle include self organization, dissipative structures, synergetics, order from disorder, far-from-thermodynamic equilibrium, collective behaviors, edge of chaos, etc. Written with a high level of exposition, this completely self-contained monograph is profusely illustrated with over 200 stunning color illustrations of emergent phenomena.