M. Ram Murty

The circle method, pioneered by Ramanujan and Hardy in the early 20th century, has over the past 100 years become part of the standard tool chest of analytic number theory. Its scope of applications is ever-expanding, and the subject continues to see important breakthroughs. This book provides an introduction to the circle method that is accessible to undergraduate students with no background in number theory. The authors' goal is to show the students the elegance of the circle method and at the same time give a complete solution of the famous Waring problem as an illustration of the method. The first half of this book is a curated introduction to elementary number theory with an emphasis on topics needed for the second half. The second half showcases the two most ""classic"" applications of the circle method, to Waring's problem (following Hardy-Littlewood-Hua) and to Goldbach's conjectures (following Vinogradov, with improvements by Vaughan). This text is suitable for a one-semester undergraduate course or for independent study and will be a great entry point into this fascinating area of research.

This book discusses the origin of graph theory from its humble beginnings in recreational mathematics to its modern setting or modeling communication networks, as is evidenced by the World Wide Web graph used by many Internet search engines. The second edition of the book includes recent developments in the theory of signed adjacency matrices involving the proof of sensitivity conjecture and the theory of Ramanujan graphs. In addition, the book discusses topics such as Pick’s theorem on areas of lattice polygons and Graham–Pollak’s work on addressing of graphs. The concept of graph is fundamental in mathematics and engineering, as it conveniently encodes diverse relations and facilitates combinatorial analysis of many theoretical and practical problems. The text is ideal for a one-semester course at the advanced undergraduate level or beginning graduate level.

This book discusses the origin of graph theory from its humble beginnings in recreational mathematics to its modern setting or modeling communication networks, as is evidenced by the World Wide Web graph used by many Internet search engines. The second edition of the book includes recent developments in the theory of signed adjacency matrices involving the proof of sensitivity conjecture and the theory of Ramanujan graphs. In addition, the book discusses topics such as Pick’s theorem on areas of lattice polygons and Graham–Pollak’s work on addressing of graphs. The concept of graph is fundamental in mathematics and engineering, as it conveniently encodes diverse relations and facilitates combinatorial analysis of many theoretical and practical problems. The text is ideal for a one-semester course at the advanced undergraduate level or beginning graduate level.

This book represents material suitable for a two semester graduate course in analysis. Based on courses given by the author since 2007, it is targeted towards graduate students preparing for a research career in mathematics. After reviewing what a typical student would have learned in single variable and multivariable calculus courses, the first chapter presents familiar material from a mature mathematical perspective. The second chapter surveys measure theory and highlights the essential theorems that have now become ubiquitous in mathematics. The third chapter on Fourier transforms derives the inversion theorem and gives diverse applications ranging from probability theory to mathematical physics. The fourth chapter reviews complex analysis giving a synthetic, rigorous development of the calculus of residues and its applications to a wide array of problems. The final chapter is an introduction to algebraic topology and is included to show the symbiosis between algebra and analysis.

Srinivasa Ramanujan was a mathematician brilliant beyond comparison who inspired many great mathematicians. There is extensive literature available on the work of Ramanujan. But what is missing in the literature is an analysis that would place his mathematics in context and interpret it in terms of modern developments. The 12 lectures by Hardy, delivered in 1936, served this purpose at the time they were given. This book presents Ramanujan’s essential mathematical contributions and gives an informal account of some of the major developments that emanated from his work in the 20th and 21st centuries. It contends that his work still has an impact on many different fields of mathematical research. This book examines some of these themes in the landscape of 21st-century mathematics. These essays, based on the lectures given by the authors focus on a subset of Ramanujan’s significant papers and show how these papers shaped the course of modern mathematics.

This book provides an introduction to the topic of transcendental numbers for upper-level undergraduate and graduate students. The text is constructed to support a full course on the subject, including descriptions of both relevant theorems and their applications. While the first part of the book focuses on introducing key concepts, the second part presents more complex material, including applications of Baker’s theorem, Schanuel’s conjecture, and Schneider’s theorem. These later chapters may be of interest to researchers interested in examining the relationship between transcendence and L-functions. Readers of this text should possess basic knowledge of complex analysis and elementary algebraic number theory.

This book introduces the vast topic of Indian philosophy. Beginning with a study of the major Upanishads, it surveys the philosophical ideas contained in the Bhagavadgita. After a short excursion into Buddhism, it summarises the salient ideas of the six systems of Indian philosophy: Nyaya, Vaisesika, Samkhya, Yoga, Purva Mimamsa, and Vedanta. It concludes with an introduction to contemporary Indian thought.

Srinivasa Ramanujan was a mathematician brilliant beyond comparison who inspired many great mathematicians. There is extensive literature available on the work of Ramanujan. But what is missing in the literature is an analysis that would place his mathematics in context and interpret it in terms of modern developments. The 12 lectures by Hardy, delivered in 1936, served this purpose at the time they were given. This book presents Ramanujan’s essential mathematical contributions and gives an informal account of some of the major developments that emanated from his work in the 20th and 21st centuries. It contends that his work still has an impact on many different fields of mathematical research. This book examines some of these themes in the landscape of 21st-century mathematics. These essays, based on the lectures given by the authors focus on a subset of Ramanujan’s significant papers and show how these papers shaped the course of modern mathematics.

This monograph brings together a collection of results on the non-vanishing of- functions. Thepresentation,thoughbasedlargelyontheoriginalpapers,issuitable forindependentstudy. Anumberofexerciseshavealsobeenprovidedtoaidinthis endeavour. The exercises are of varying di?culty and those which require more e?ort have been marked with an asterisk. The authors would like to thank the Institut d'Estudis Catalans for their encouragementof thiswork throughtheFerranSunyeriBalaguerPrize. Wewould also like to thank the Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton for the excellent conditions which made this work possible, as well as NSERC, NSF and FCAR for funding. Princeton M. Ram Murty August, 1996 V. Kumar Murty xi Introduction Since the time of Dirichlet and Riemann, the analytic properties of L-functions have been used to establish theorems of a purely arithmetic nature. The dist- bution of prime numbers in arithmetic progressions is intimately connected with non-vanishing properties of various L-functions. With the subsequent advent of the Tauberian theory as developed by Wiener and Ikehara, these arithmetical t- orems have been shown to be equivalent to the non-vanishing of these L-functions on the line Re(s)=1. In the 1950's, a new theme was introduced by Birch and Swinnerton-Dyer. Given an elliptic curve E over a number ?eld K of ?nite degree over Q,they associated an L-function to E and conjectured that this L-function extends to an entire function and has a zero at s = 1 of order equal to the Z-rank of the group of K-rational points of E. In particular, the L-function vanishes at s=1ifand only if E has in?nitely many K-rational points.

This informative and exhaustive study gives a problem-solving approach to the difficult subject of analytic number theory. It is primarily aimed at graduate students and senior undergraduates. The goal is to provide a rapid introduction to analytic methods and the ways in which they are used to study the distribution of prime numbers. The book also includes an introduction to p-adic analytic methods. It is ideal for a first course in analytic number theory. The new edition has been completely rewritten, errors have been corrected, and there is a new chapter on the arithmetic progression of primes.

Asking how one does mathematical research is like asking how a composer creates a masterpiece. No one really knows. However, it is a recognized fact that problem solving plays an important role in training the mind of a researcher. It would not be an exaggeration to say that the ability to do mathematical research lies essentially asking "well-posed" questions. The approach taken by the authors in Problems in Algebraic Number Theory is based on the principle that questions focus and orient the mind. The book is a collection of about 500 problems in algebraic number theory, systematically arranged to reveal ideas and concepts in the evolution of the subject. While some problems are easy and straightforward, others are more difficult. For this new edition the authors added a chapter and revised several sections. The text is suitable for a first course in algebraic number theory with minimal supervision by the instructor. The exposition facilitates independent study, and students having taken a basic course in calculus, linear algebra, and abstract algebra will find these problems interesting and challenging. For the same reasons, it is ideal for non-specialists in acquiring a quick introduction to the subject.

This informative and exhaustive study gives a problem-solving approach to the difficult subject of analytic number theory. It is primarily aimed at graduate students and senior undergraduates. The goal is to provide a rapid introduction to analytic methods and the ways in which they are used to study the distribution of prime numbers. The book also includes an introduction to p-adic analytic methods. It is ideal for a first course in analytic number theory. The new edition has been completely rewritten, errors have been corrected, and there is a new chapter on the arithmetic progression of primes.

Sieve theory has a rich and romantic history. The ancient question of whether there exist infinitely many twin primes (primes p such that p+2 is also prime), and Goldbach's conjecture that every even number can be written as the sum of two prime numbers, have been two of the problems that have inspired the development of the theory. This book provides a motivated introduction to sieve theory. Rather than focus on technical details which can obscure the beauty of the theory, the authors focus on examples and applications, developing the theory in parallel. The text can be used for a senior level undergraduate course or an introductory graduate course in analytic number theory, and non-experts can gain a quick introduction to the techniques of the subject.

Sieve theory has a rich and romantic history. The ancient question of whether there exist infinitely many twin primes (primes p such that p+2 is also prime), and Goldbach's conjecture that every even number can be written as the sum of two prime numbers, have been two of the problems that have inspired the development of the theory. This book provides a motivated introduction to sieve theory. Rather than focus on technical details which can obscure the beauty of the theory, the authors focus on examples and applications, developing the theory in parallel. The text can be used for a senior level undergraduate course or an introductory graduate course in analytic number theory, and non-experts can gain a quick introduction to the techniques of the subject.

Asking how one does mathematical research is like asking how a composer creates a masterpiece. No one really knows. However, it is a recognized fact that problem solving plays an important role in training the mind of a researcher. It would not be an exaggeration to say that the ability to do mathematical research lies essentially asking "well-posed" questions. The approach taken by the authors in Problems in Algebraic Number Theory is based on the principle that questions focus and orient the mind. The book is a collection of about 500 problems in algebraic number theory, systematically arranged to reveal ideas and concepts in the evolution of the subject. While some problems are easy and straightforward, others are more difficult. For this new edition the authors added a chapter and revised several sections. The text is suitable for a first course in algebraic number theory with minimal supervision by the instructor. The exposition facilitates independent study, and students having taken a basic course in calculus, linear algebra, and abstract algebra will find these problems interesting and challenging. For the same reasons, it is ideal for non-specialists in acquiring a quick introduction to the subject.

Provides an elementary introduction to $p$-adic analysis from the number theory perspective. With over 100 exercises, it will acquaint the non-expert with the basic ideas of the theory and encourage the novice to enter this fertile field of research. The main focus of the book is the study of $p$-adic $L$-functions and their analytic properties.

Award-winning monograph of the Ferran Sunyer i Balagure Prize 1996. This book systematically develops some methods for proving the non-vanishing of certain L-functions at points in the critical strip. Researchers in number theory, graduate students who wish to enter into the area and non-specialists who wish to acquire an introduction to the subject will benefit by a study of this book. One of the most attractive features of the monograph is that it begins at a very basic level and quickly develops enough aspects of the theory to bring the reader to a point the latest discoveries as are presented in the final chapters can be fully appreciated.