Manoj Kumar Jena

This book examines the growing interest in gasification technology, which has become the primary route for effectively utilizing solid carbonaceous material for energy generation and syngas production. The thermochemical conversion of solids, including pyrolysis, combustion, and gasification, has become a primary method for extracting energy and value-added chemicals. However, gasification technology is the most efficient and economical way to utilize solid fuel. Understanding the gasification process and its diversified applications is essential for making gasification technology sustainable in the future. This book provides readers with an in-depth understanding of gasification technology, covering its past use, present scenario, and future outlook. Specifically, in an emerging world with the rapid advancement of science and technology, this book offers knowledge on the fundamentals, applications, and sustainable advancement of gasification technology covering a wide range of solid fuels. Gasification Technology: Transforming Waste Into Clean Energy provides early career researchers, engineers, and research and development scientists with a solid knowledge base on the fundamentals, industrial applications, and commercialization of gasification. The first book to cover all aspects of gasification technology;Examines the role and importance of gasification technology and the rise in global energy demand;Integrates insights into engineering applications and the advancement of gasification as a sustainable technology.

The population of both the fruit flies B. dorsalis and B. zonata prevailed throughout the year in mango orchard with their peak activity from 14th SMW to 31st SMW which coincided with the fruiting and harvesting period of fruits. The female of B. zonata laid eggs in clusters of 2 to 14 eggs just underneath the rind of fruit, 1-4 mm deep in the epidermis. The incubation period of eggs was 2.40 0.48 days, whereas the hatching percentage was 82.63 6.94 per cent. The maggot and pre-puparial periods were 7.20 1.51 and 0.77 0.11 days, respectively. The pupation took place at depth of 0.50 to 6.00 cm in moist sand. The average puparial, pre-oviposition, oviposition and post-oviposition period were 8.10 1.02, 12.3 1.13, 13.30 2.45 and 5.10 0.72 days, respectively. The sex ratio of male: female was 1:1.20. The total life cycle of male was shorter than the female. The total life cycle was completed in 22.00 to 36.00 days on mango. Banana and sapota are the best host for mass production of B. zonata throughout the year as compared to other hosts due to their availability throughout the year and short life cycle of fruit fly.