Maryam Marani-Barzani

Environmental Management System (EMS) evaluates and manages environmental risks and harmful effects in companies and organizations. Environmental management system is a tool for managing the effects of organizations' activities on the environment. This system provides a structured approach to planning and implementing environmental protection measures. In fact, the environmental management system monitors the environmental performance of companies and organizations; just like a company's financial management system, which monitors revenues and expenses and allows for regular reviews of the company's financial performance, this system integrates environmental management with the company's daily activities and operations, its long-term plans, and other aspects of quality management. It is possible to integrate the environmental management system with the ultimate goal of the organization in order to achieve it and at the same time maintain the optimal performance of the organization. This is usually done through the management of the current procedures of the organization. Various types of environmental management systems tell the leaders of the organization or project managers.

Environment is a combination of different knowledge in science, which includes a set of biological and environmental factors in the form of environment and non-biological (physical, chemical) that affect the life of a person or species and are affected by it. Today, this definition is often related to man and his activities, and the environment can be summed up as a set of natural factors of the earth, such as air, water, atmosphere, rock, plants, etc., that surround man. The difference between environment and nature is that the definition of nature includes the set of natural, biotic and non-biotic factors that are considered exclusively, while the term environment is described according to the interactions between humans and nature and from the perspective of humans. The variety of weather and the variety of climatic conditions, the type of soil, the difference in height and unevenness are among the factors that lead to the creation of the environment. The surface of the earth is generally divided into 4 parts, which are the rock sphere (lithosphere), water sphere ( hydrosphere), atmosphere and biosphere. Some scientists consider the ice sphere as part of this division.

The science that examines all the social, political, economic and physical developments of a city and strives to manage and organize the relationships in the city in a coordinated military format is called urbanism. A city planner or a city planning specialist is also referred to a person who studies and examines the social, political, economic and cultural relations governing the city and presents a suitable and organized plan for it. It should be noted that city planning It is not an individual work. Rather, it is a group work that can be done with a collective effort. In the meantime, the presence of scientific experts who can do research and study in the field of urban issues and by determining appropriate programs, take a significant step towards the improvement and development of cities in the not-so-distant future is mandatory. They classify those activities and sciences that are directly related to the daily life of people. The effects of this relationship can be clearly seen in the way citizens live, spend their free time, work and activities.

The science of hydrology is the basis of decision-making in water resources and the assessment of related risks such as floods, droughts and pollution. Despite the vital importance of this science for society, this scientific field is facing a severe lack of data in spatial and temporal domains. In the third world and low-income countries, due to the limitation of data and statistical information and the high cost of the monitoring process, they face a lack of data. Therefore, data collected by local communities and volunteers and monitoring through people is an effective method in this field. The underground water reserves, despite being hidden from human sight, have been regarded as the most important sources of water supply in most parts of the world for many years. These valuable resources, which cannot be imagined in nature, have undergone many quantitative and qualitative changes today. An example of these changes can be the illegal withdrawal of underground water tables, which has caused an exponential drop in the level of underground water and the destruction of the quality of these hidden waters.

As cat strofes naturais s o um conjunto de acontecimentos nocivos que n o s o de origem humana. Estes acontecimentos s o geralmente imprevis veis ou, pelo menos, a sua ocorr ncia n o pode ser prevista durante um longo per odo de tempo. As cat strofes naturais t m diferentes tipos. Terramotos, inunda es, furac es, tornados, tsunamis, granizo, avalanches, rel mpagos, mudan as extremas de temperatura, secas e vulc es s o exemplos de cat strofes naturais. Atualmente, tr s abordagens ou paradigmas de pensamento s o enfatizados na literatura sobre a vulnerabilidade das sociedades aos riscos naturais. O papel do homem e da utiliza o do solo na ocorr ncia de deslizamentos de terras extremamente importante e, entre estes factores, a constru o de estradas na regi o pelo homem tem a primeira prioridade na ocorr ncia de deslizamentos de terras. O corte total de rvores florestais pelo homem a segunda prioridade. Para al m destes factores, os factores naturais tamb m s o eficazes na ocorr ncia de deslizamentos de terras, entre os quais os factores de forma o geol gica, falha, declive e cobertura vegetal e, finalmente, o clima. Os trabalhadores t m de trabalhar a grandes altitudes, controlar equipamento pesado ou transportar ferramentas pesadas e est o expostos a ru dos fortes durante muitas horas do dia, o que os coloca em situa es perigosas.

Naturkatastrophen sind eine Reihe von sch dlichen Ereignissen, die nicht von Menschen verursacht werden. Diese Ereignisse sind in der Regel unvorhersehbar oder k nnen zumindest nicht auf lange Zeit vorhergesagt werden. Es gibt verschiedene Arten von Naturkatastrophen. Erdbeben, berschwemmungen, Wirbelst rme, Tornados, Tsunamis, Hagel, Lawinen, Blitze, extreme Temperaturschwankungen, D rren und Vulkane sind Beispiele f r Naturkatastrophen. In der Literatur ber die Anf lligkeit von Gesellschaften f r Naturgefahren werden derzeit drei Ans tze oder Denkmuster hervorgehoben. Die Rolle des Menschen und der Landnutzung beim Auftreten von Erdrutschen ist u erst wichtig, und unter diesen Faktoren hat der Stra enbau in der Region durch den Menschen die erste Priorit t beim Auftreten von Erdrutschen. Das vollst ndige Abholzen von Waldb umen durch den Menschen steht an zweiter Stelle. Neben diesen Faktoren wirken sich auch nat rliche Faktoren auf das Auftreten von Erdrutschen aus, darunter die Faktoren geologische Formation, Verwerfung, Hangneigung und Vegetationsbedeckung und schlie lich das Klima. Die Arbeiter m ssen in gro en H hen arbeiten, schwere Ger te bedienen oder schwere Werkzeuge tragen und sind viele Stunden am Tag lauten Ger uschen ausgesetzt, was sie in gef hrliche Situationen bringt.

I disastri naturali sono un insieme di eventi dannosi che non hanno origine umana. Questi eventi sono di solito imprevedibili o, per lo meno, il loro verificarsi non pu essere previsto per un lungo periodo di tempo. I disastri naturali sono di diversi tipi. Terremoti, inondazioni, uragani, tornado, tsunami, grandine, valanghe, fulmini, sbalzi di temperatura, siccit e vulcani sono esempi di disastri naturali. Attualmente, nella letteratura sulla vulnerabilit delle societ ai rischi naturali vengono enfatizzati tre approcci o paradigmi di pensiero. Il ruolo dell'uomo e dell'uso del territorio nel verificarsi delle frane estremamente importante e, tra questi fattori, la costruzione di strade nella regione da parte dell'uomo ha la prima priorit nel verificarsi delle frane. Il taglio completo degli alberi della foresta da parte dell'uomo la seconda priorit . Oltre a questi fattori, anche i fattori naturali sono efficaci sul verificarsi delle frane, tra cui i fattori di formazione geologica, faglia, pendenza e copertura vegetale, e infine il clima. I lavoratori devono lavorare ad alta quota, controllare attrezzature pesanti o trasportare strumenti pesanti e sono esposti a rumori forti per molte ore al giorno, il che li mette in situazioni pericolose.

Les catastrophes naturelles sont un ensemble d' v nements dommageables qui ne sont pas d'origine humaine. Ces v nements sont g n ralement impr visibles ou, du moins, leur survenue ne peut tre pr dite long terme. Il existe diff rents types de catastrophes naturelles. Les tremblements de terre, les inondations, les ouragans, les tornades, les tsunamis, la gr le, les avalanches, la foudre, les changements de temp rature extr mes, les s cheresses et les volcans sont des exemples de catastrophes naturelles. Actuellement, trois approches ou paradigmes de pens e sont mis en avant dans la litt rature sur la vuln rabilit des soci t s aux risques naturels. Le r le de l'homme et de l'utilisation des terres dans l'apparition des glissements de terrain est extr mement important, et parmi ces facteurs, la construction de routes dans la r gion par l'homme est la premi re priorit dans l'apparition des glissements de terrain. L'abattage complet des arbres forestiers par l'homme est la deuxi me priorit . En plus de ces facteurs, les facteurs naturels ont galement une incidence sur l'apparition des glissements de terrain, notamment les facteurs de formation g ologique, de faille, de pente et de couverture v g tale, et enfin le climat. Les ouvriers doivent travailler des altitudes lev es, contr ler des quipements lourds ou porter des outils lourds et sont expos s des bruits forts pendant de nombreuses heures de la journ e, ce qui les met dans des situations dangereuses.

Essendo situato in un clima secco e semi-arido, l'Iran sta affrontando il rischio di crisi idrica nei prossimi anni. Per affrontarla, quindi, necessario essere pi sensibili alle tipologie di consumo dell'acqua. Tra questi usi c' l'acqua virtuale. L'acqua utilizzata nel processo di produzione dei beni chiamata acqua virtuale, una parte della quale viene conservata nel prodotto. Il commercio di acqua virtuale avviene quando i beni vengono importati nei mercati globali. Il commercio di acqua virtuale dovrebbe ridurre il consumo di acqua a livello nazionale e internazionale grazie a un uso pi efficiente e specializzato dell'acqua. Oggi il concetto di acqua virtuale una delle questioni pi importanti nella gestione delle risorse idriche. In questo studio stato analizzato lo stato di compatibilit del concetto di acqua virtuale in Iran. L'acqua uno dei componenti pi importanti necessari per la continuazione della vita. Il consumo eccessivo di questo elemento ha causato danni irreparabili alle risorse idriche e l'industria agricola ha assorbito il maggior volume di consumo di acqua.

Da der Iran in einem trockenen und halbtrockenen Klima liegt, besteht in den kommenden Jahren die Gefahr einer Wasserkrise. Um diese zu bew ltigen, ist es daher notwendig, sensibler mit den Arten des Wasserverbrauchs umzugehen. Zu diesen Verwendungsarten geh rt auch das virtuelle Wasser. Das Wasser, das im Produktionsprozess von Waren verwendet wird, wird als virtuelles Wasser bezeichnet, von dem ein Teil im Produkt verbleibt. Virtueller Wasserhandel findet statt, wenn Waren in globale M rkte importiert werden. Es wird erwartet, dass der Handel mit virtuellem Wasser den Wasserverbrauch auf nationaler und internationaler Ebene durch eine effizientere und spezialisierte Wassernutzung verringern wird. Heute ist das Konzept des virtuellen Wassers eines der wichtigsten Themen in der Bewirtschaftung der Wasserressourcen. In dieser Studie wurde der Kompatibilit tsstatus des Konzepts des virtuellen Wassers im Iran untersucht. Wasser ist eine der wichtigsten Komponenten, die f r den Fortbestand des Lebens ben tigt werden. Der berm ige Verbrauch dieses Elements hat zu irreparablen Sch den an den Wasserressourcen gef hrt, wobei die Landwirtschaft den gr ten Anteil am Wasserverbrauch hat.

En raison de son climat sec et semi-aride, l'Iran risque de conna tre une crise de l'eau dans les ann es venir. Pour y faire face, il est donc n cessaire d' tre plus sensible aux types de consommation d'eau. L'eau virtuelle fait partie de ces utilisations. L'eau utilis e dans le processus de production des biens est appel e eau virtuelle, dont une partie est conserv e dans le produit. Le commerce de l'eau virtuelle a lieu lorsque des biens sont import s sur les march s mondiaux. Le commerce de l'eau virtuelle devrait permettre de r duire la consommation d'eau aux niveaux national et international gr ce une utilisation plus efficace et plus sp cialis e de l'eau. Aujourd'hui, le concept d'eau virtuelle est l'une des questions les plus importantes dans la gestion des ressources en eau. Dans cette tude, l' tat de compatibilit du concept d'eau virtuelle en Iran a t examin . L'eau est l'un des l ments les plus importants n cessaires la poursuite de la vie. La consommation excessive de cet l ment a caus des dommages irr parables aux ressources en eau et l'industrie agricole a absorb le plus grand volume de consommation d'eau.

Devido sua localiza o num clima seco e semi- rido, o Ir o enfrenta o risco de uma crise de gua nos pr ximos anos. Por conseguinte, para fazer face a essa crise, necess rio ser mais sens vel aos tipos de consumo de gua. Entre estas utiliza es encontra-se a gua virtual. A gua utilizada no processo de produ o de bens chamada gua virtual, uma parte da qual mantida no produto. O com rcio de gua virtual ocorre quando os bens s o importados para os mercados mundiais. Espera-se que o com rcio de gua virtual reduza o consumo de gua a n vel nacional e internacional devido a uma utiliza o mais eficiente e especializada da gua. Atualmente, o conceito de gua virtual uma das quest es mais importantes na gest o dos recursos h dricos. Neste estudo, foi investigado o estado de compatibilidade do conceito de gua virtual no Ir o. A gua um dos componentes mais importantes necess rios para a continua o da vida. O consumo excessivo deste elemento tem causado danos irrepar veis aos recursos h dricos e o sector agr cola o que consome mais gua.