Nancy Wolff

Prison. Just reading the word conjures up mental images of harshness and negativity. While the word 'criminal' summons feelings of fear, disgust, anger, aggression, and revenge. These near-universal feelings about criminals are the foundation of prisons as places where harm, through neglect, indifference, and paucity, festers and replicates like a virus. For this reason, any conversation about prison and its potential for anything other than harm must start with the people who live there. In The Shadow of Childhood Harm, Wolff, using a balance of compassion and evidence, takes readers through the lives of people who end up inside prison. Guided by the words of those who have lived the experience of harm, she weaves an expansive body of research that lays bare the harm that began in childhood (the curse) and its subsequent shadow that later, during adolescence and adulthood, manifests as harm to self and others, eventually culminating in crime that results in incarceration, where harm there, once again, repeats like a bad dream. With authority and rigor, Wolff uses ethics, law, science, and compassion, to call out the anti-humanism roots underpinning the (un)intelligent design of the current correctional system and rings in a new way of intelligently designing and maintaining a just, fair, and person-centered system of asylum of and for humanity.

The compulsory nature of social security makes it possible for income to be distributed within and across beneficiary cohorts. Focusing on the Federal Social Security system, encompassing OASDI and Medicare, this volume examines the equity and adequacy criteria that serve as standards for determining how payroll tax revenues are to be distributed. Social Security distributes cash benefits to retired and disabled workers in accordance with past taxable earnings, and the book describes and evaluates the procedures for determining each worker's earnings-related benefit base. The benefit base serves as a standard of individual equity. Primary worker payments are determined by applying a cohort-specific benefit formula to the benefit base of each worker. The benefit formula includes a rate structure with a progressive tilt, resulting in a higher benefit-to-earnings ratio for workers with lower prior earnings. Other features of the benefit structure adjust benefits to allow for age at entitlement and presence of eligible dependents or survivors. This book examines all of these features from an individual equity perspective. The authors also use equity considerations to provide a framework for examining the disability determination process and the current procedure for financing the Hospital Insurance and Supplementary Medical Insurance components of Medicare. In conclusion, the authors contrast the existing system with alternatives that would conform more closely with an actuarial standard. They also conclude with a discussion of the effects of the impending OASI trust fund surplus on successive generations of beneficiaries.