Narendra Yadav

Blackgram Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper] is a self-pollinated diploid grain legume which belongs to the family Fabaceae and sub- family Papilionaceae with chromosome number 2n=22 (Arumuganathan and Earle, 1991; Sarvani et al., 2020). Indian subcontinent is the centre of origin of blackgram (Zhukovsky, 1962). It is popularly known as blackgram, urdbean and urd or mash. Blackgram is an erect or sub-erect, diffusely branched, herbaceous annual plant. The stem is 20-80 cm long, slightly ridged and occasionally trailing type. Leaves are trifoliate, with long petiole and alternate in nature (Mishra and Lavanya, 2020). The inflorescence is axillary raceme and 5-6 flowers are clustered at the top of a short hairy peduncle. Flowers are bisexual, zygomorphic and complete. Calyx includes five sepals and is gamosepalous in nature. Corolla imbricate include 5 petals pale-yellow in colour. Stamens are diadelphous (9+1). Style is spirally twisted and the ovary is superior, monocarpellary, unilocular having marginal placentation. The fruit is a cylindrical erect pod, 4-7 cm long and 0.5 cm broad. The pods are hairy having a short hooked beaks, buff to brown at maturity.

The book introduces the oscillatory reaction and pattern formation in the Belousov-Zhabotinsky (BZ) reaction that became model for investigating a wide range of intriguing pattern formations in chemical systems. So many modifications in classic version of BZ reaction have been carried out in various experimental conditions that demonstrate rich varieties of temporal oscillations and spatio-temporal patterns in non- equilibrium conditions. Mixed-mode versions of BZ reactions, which comprise a pair of organic substrates or dual metal catalysts, have displayed very complex oscillating behaviours and novel space-time patterns during reaction processes. These characteristic spatio-temporal properties of BZ reactions have attracted increasing attention of the scientific community in recent years because of its comparable periodic structures in electrochemical systems, polymerization processes, and non-equilibrium crystallization phenomena. Instead, non-equilibrium crystallization phenomena which lead to development of novel crystal morphologies in constraint of thermodynamic equilibrium conditions have been investigated and are said to be stationary periodic structures. Efforts have continued to analyze insight mechanisms and roles of reaction-diffusion mechanism and self-organization in the growth of such periodic crystal patterns. In this book, non-equilibrium crystallization phenomena, leading to growth of some novel crystal patterns in dual organic substrate modes of oscillatory BZ reactions have been discussed. Efforts have been made to find out experimental parameters where transitions of the spherulitic crystal patterns take place. The book provides the scientific community and entrepreneurs with a thorough understanding and knowledge of the growth and form of branched crystal pattern in reaction-diffusion system and their morphological transition.