Neil Crundwell

Case Studies in Abdominal and Pelvic Imaging presents 100 case studies, covering both common every-day conditions of the abdomen and pelvis, as well as less common cases that junior doctors and radiologists in training should be aware of. Compiled by experts in the field, Case Studies in Abdominal and Pelvic Imaging uses the most up-to-date and high quality images, including plain films, CT scans, MRI scans and the occasional nuclear medicine image where relevant. Each case is presented in a pedagogical style, with 1-4 images and accompanying questions, followed by answers and further relevant images. This is then augmented by an explanation of the imaging and key teaching points with references for further reading, making this book a valuable learning guide in an accessible form.

Case Studies in Chest Imaging is a collection of 100 real cases, which demonstrate the use of modern imaging techniques and illustrate the appropriate use of imaging in the investigation of pathology. Compiled by experts in the field, Case Studies in Chest Imaging uses the most up-to-date and high quality images, including plain films, standard Multi Slice and High Resolution Thoracic CT scans. Each case is presented in a pedagogical style, with 1-4 images and accompanying questions, followed by answers and further relevant images. This is then augmented by an explanation of the imaging and key teaching points with references for further reading, making this book a valuable learning guide in an accessible form for respiratory and acute physicians, and radiologists in training.

Case Studies in Chest Imaging is a collection of 100 real cases, which demonstrate the use of modern imaging techniques and illustrate the appropriate use of imaging in the investigation of pathology. Compiled by experts in the field, Case Studies in Chest Imaging uses the most up-to-date and high quality images, including plain films, standard Multi Slice and High Resolution Thoracic CT scans. Each case is presented in a pedagogical style, with 1-4 images and accompanying questions, followed by answers and further relevant images. This is then augmented by an explanation of the imaging and key teaching points with references for further reading, making this book a valuable learning guide in an accessible form for respiratory and acute physicians, and radiologists in training.

Case Studies in Abdominal and Pelvic Imaging presents 100 case studies, covering both common every-day conditions of the abdomen and pelvis, as well as less common cases that junior doctors and radiologists in training should be aware of. Compiled by experts in the field, Case Studies in Abdominal and Pelvic Imaging uses the most up-to-date and high quality images, including plain films, CT scans, MRI scans and the occasional nuclear medicine image where relevant. Each case is presented in a pedagogical style, with 1-4 images and accompanying questions, followed by answers and further relevant images. This is then augmented by an explanation of the imaging and key teaching points with references for further reading, making this book a valuable learning guide in an accessible form.

Thechestradiograph(chestX-ray)isthemostcommonly- questedexamination,anditisprobablythehardestplain?lm tointerpretcorrectly. Accurateinterpretationcangreatly- ?uence patient management in the acute setting. It is, h- ever,oftenperformedoutofhoursandtheinterpretationis undertakenbyrelativelyjuniormembersofstaffwithno- mediateseniorsupportorradiologicalinput. Despitethe- creasingavailabilityofmorecomplexradiologicalinvesti- tions,thechestX-raycontinuestoberequestedasa?rst-line investigationandthisislikelytocontinue. The structure of this book derives from many teaching sessions that have been given to junior doctors and me- calstudents. Theauthorshavefoundthat,ingeneral,tea- ingregardingchestX-rayinterpretationhadlackedaformal structuredapproach,andjuniordoctorsandmedicalstudents foundinterpretingachestX-raydif?cult. Givingthemastr- turedapproachallowedthemtofeeltheycouldtackleint- pretationwithmorecon?dence. Weaimtoprovideaportablehandbookforjuniordoctors. The structure is based upon those lectures that the authors havegiven. Thebookitselfisintendedtobeeasilyaccessible andtohelpthiswehaveincludedtablescontainingthekey teachingpoints,toalloweasyreference. Wehaveincluded- tensiveexamplesofcommonpathologies. Thisbookis,h- ever,notanexhaustiveworkofreference. WehaveincludedbasicinformationonhowachestX-ray isperformedandhowsuchperformancefactorscanaffectthe qualityoftheimage. Weconsidertheimplicationsofrad- tiondoseandgivedetailsofbasicnormalanatomy. Wethen explainwhynormalstructuresappearastheydoonthechest vii viii Preface X-ray. Theabilitytointerpretthenormaliskeytointerpr- ingtheabnormalandweexplainwhyabnormalitiescreatethe imagingfeaturestheydo. Using a structured logical approach, we focus on both anatomical abnormality and more generalized patterns of lungdisease. Our ultimate aim is to equip the reader with a con?dent, simplebutlogicalapproachtochestX-rayinterpretation. R. Joarder N. Crundwell Acknowledgments We would like to acknowledge Christina Worley for all her hardworkinpreparingthemanuscript. We would also like to acknowledge the following for their valuable contribution to this book: Steve Page, DCR, MSc, Conquest Hospital, St Leonards-On-Sea, East Sussex, UK,andAndrewDeveling,DipMDI,ConquestHospital,St Leonards-On-Sea,EastSussex,UK ix Contents Preface...vii Acknowledgments ...ix PartI 1 ChestRadiography ...3 1. 1. RadiographicTechnique ...4 1. 1. 1. Postero-anterior(PA)...4 1. 1. 2. Antero-posterior...6 1. 1. 3. Lateral ...7 1. 1. 4. Obliques...9 1. 1. 5. PenetratedPostero-anterior ...12 1. 1. 6. Inspiration/ExpirationPostero-anterior 12 1. 1. 7. ApicalLordotic ...12 1. 2. KeyPoints...13 2 The Normal Chest X-ray: An Approach toInterpretation...15 2. 1. UnderstandingNormalAnatomy ...17 2. 2. ReviewAreas...22 2. 3. Pseudo-abnormalitiesonaNormalFilm...24 2. 4. KeyPoints...27 PartII 3 TheMediastinumandHilarRegions ...31 3. 1. MiddleMediastinumandHilarRegions...34 xi xii Contents 3. 1. 1. CardiacAbnormality...