Oded Galor

Mielenkiintoinen sekoitus taloustiedettä, historiaa ja luonnontieteitä on luvassa ekonomisti Oded Galorin teoksessa Ihmiskunnan nousu, joka selvittää ihmiskunnan kykyä rikastua mutta kuitenkin jakaa rikkauksia niin epätasa-arvoisesti. Ihminen on lajeista rikkainPalkittu israelilaisekonomisti Oded Galor pohtii tietokirjassaan Ihmiskunnan nousu, miten ihminen onnistui saavuttamaan ennennäkemättömän elintason ja miksi vauraus on jakautunut maapallolla niin epätasaisesti. Vuosituhansien ajan ihmiskunta lisääntyi, levittäytyi uusille elinalueille ja pyrki parantamaan elinolosuhteitaan mutta pitkällä tähtäimellä epäonnistui pyrkimyksessään. Teknologisesta kehityksestä huolimatta väestönkasvu piti huolen siitä, ettei ruokaa riittänyt aiempaa enempää. Ihmiskunta ponnisteli köyhyysansassa.1700-luvun loppupuolella tilanne alkoi muuttua. Teollistumisen myötä Länsi-Euroopassa elintaso alkoi nousta väestönkasvusta huolimatta. Ihmiskunnan nousussa yhtenä aikamme kiinnostavimpana ajattelijana pidetty taloustieteilijä Oded Galor esittää syitä, jotka tähän vaikuttivat. Teoksessaan Galor pohtii myös sitä, miksi hyvinvointi on jakautunut maapallolla epätasaisesti ja mikseivät länsimaailman kehitysaputoimet useinkaan tuota haluttua lopputulosta. Etsiessään vastauksia ihmiskunnan nousun ja epätasa-arvon kysymyksiin Galor yhdistää kirjassaan taloustiedettä, historiaa, arkeologiaa, antropologiaa, matematiikkaa ja luonnontieteitä. Tuloksena on silmiä avaava lukuelämys.

Jaki kljuchi do progresu ljudstva? Za ostanni dvisti rokiv prigolomshlivij progres u sferi zdorov'ja, bagatstva ta trivalosti zhittja dokorinno zminiv dosvid ljudskogo zhittja. Ale tse ne bulo vipadkovistju istoriji. Spirajuchis na doslidzhennja vsogo zhittja, Oded Galor viznachaje universalni sili, scho stojat za tsijeju zminoju, i takim chinom rozkrivaje tajemnitsju ljudskogo rozvitku. Prorivne bachennja Galora sprostovuje bagato pripuschen. Revoljutsijeju, scho zminila gru ostannikh stolit, bula ne industrializatsija, a masova osvita; ne epokha ditjachoji pratsi, a jiji kinets. Novi tekhnologiji mozhut pidvischiti riven zhittja, ale tse stalosja lishe zavdjaki zmenshennju rozmiru sim'ji ta stimuljuvannju bilshoji gendernoji rivnosti. Jak Jevropa viperedila ranishe bilsh rozvineni tsivilizatsiji, taki jak Kitaj ta Osmanska imperija? Chomu vikliki Boliviji je protilezhnistju Efiopiji? Dlja vsikh, kogo tsikavit pitannja ljudskogo rozvitku, a same: sotsiologiji, jaki unikalni chinniki priveli ljudstvo vid stagnatsiji do rozvitku, gendernoji rivnosti j investitsij v osvitu. PerekladachAnna Markhovska

This breakthrough scientific masterwork - and INTERNATIONAL BESTSELLER - reveals the underlying forces that have shaped human history and will secure our future...'Masterful. Galor answers the ultimate mystery' Lewis Dartnell The stunning advances that have transformed human experience in recent centuries are no accident of history - they are the result of universal and timeless forces, operating since the dawn of our species. Drawing on a lifetime's scientific investigation, Oded Galor's ground-breaking new vision overturns a host of long-held assumptions to reveal the deeper causes that have shaped the journey of humanity:Education rather than industrialisationFamily size and gender equality as much as inventions and technologyGeography and diversity rather than wars, disease and famine'Unparalleled in its scope and ambition . . . All readers will learn something' Washington Post'An inspiring, readable, jargon-free and almost impossibly erudite masterwork' New Statesman'His optimism about humanity shines through' Observer'If you need an evidence-based antidote to doomscrolling, here it is' Guardian

V khode uvlekatelnogo puteshestvija ot zari chelovecheskogo suschestvovanija do nashikh dnej ekonomist Oded Galor predlagaet intrigujuschee reshenie dvukh velikikh zagadok chelovecheskoj istorii. Pochemu ljudi - edinstvennyj vid, kotoryj reshil problemu vyzhivanija i dobilsja nebyvalogo urovnja komforta v povsednevnoj zhizni? I pochemu chelovechestvo tak neravnomerno razvivalos v raznykh ugolkakh mira, chto v rezultate privelo k ogromnomu neravenstvu mezhdu stranami? Galor objasnjaet, kakim obrazom chelovechestvo sovershilo skachok ot stagnatsii k udivitelnomu tekhnologicheskomu proryvu dvesti let nazad. On takzhe proslezhivaet, kak na sovremennye obschestva povlijalo ikh istorija: geograficheskoe raspolozhenie, smeshenie populjatsij, periody kolonizatsii. On risuet universalnuju kartinu razvitija obschestva, pokazyvaja, chto vklad v obrazovanie, ravenstvo i sotsialnyj balans, obespechivaet nashe dalnejshee protsvetanie.

Gjennom et historisk sveip fra menneskehetens opprinnelse og frem til i dag gir den verdenskjente økonomen Oded Galor svar på to av menneskehetens store mysterier. Hvorfor er mennesket den eneste arten som har unnsluppet fattigdomsfellen, slik at vi kan nyte en levestandard som overgår alle andre? Og hvorfor har vi utviklet oss så ulikt rundt omkring i verden, noe som har resultert i de store forskjellene mellom nasjoner i dag? Galor forklarer hvordan teknologi, befolkningsstørrelse og tilpasning førte til en «faseomdanning» for bare to hundre år siden. Men ved å spore den samme utviklingen tilbake i tid og skrelle bort lagene av påvirkning – kolonialisme, politiske institusjoner, samfunnsstruktur og kultur – kommer han også frem til en forklaring på ulikhetens årsaker. Nå som vi står overfor en økologisk krise over hele kloden, er Menneskehetens historie en bok som gir både håpefull og dyptgripende innsikt: likestilling, investering i utdanning og balansering av mangfold med sosial samhørighet er ikke bare nøklene til vår arts trivsel, men til dens overlevelse..

EL ENSAYO M S IMPORTANTE DEL A O.;Un lanzamiento internacional en m s de 30 pa ses. Durante mucho tiempo se ha cre do que la prosperidad del ser humano hab a aumentado gradualmente en el transcurso de la historia. Sin embargo, se trata de una distorsi n, porque este avance no se tradujo en absoluto en mejoras en la calidad de vida. Por qu el ser humano vivi estancado la mayor parte de su existencia? Qu encendi la mecha de la enorme transformaci n de nuestros niveles de vida hace tan solo doscientos a os? Y por qu ese progreso ha derivado en una brecha de desigualdad tan grande en el mundo? A partir de estas tres cuestiones fundamentales, el eminente economista y pensador israel Oded Galor desvela en esta fascinante y reveladora narraci n las claves para entender dos de los grandes misterios de la evoluci n de la humanidad: el progreso y la desigualdad. Al rastrear nuestra trayectoria y sustraer las influencias m s evidentes, Galor llega a la explicaci n ltima de las causas de este desequilibrio y nos descubre el papel esencial que han tenido la diversidad gen tica y la riqueza geogr fica en nuestro desarrollo que sigue perpetu ndose hoy en d a. Una perspectiva innovadora que hace que nos replanteemos la comprensi n de nuestra historia para encarar el futuro con una mirada esperanzadora, que debe pasar por la educaci n, la tolerancia y una mayor igualdad de g nero, y que contiene las claves no solo de la prosperidad de nuestra especie, sino de nuestra supervivencia.

Tag med på en medrivende rejse fra menneskets allerførste skridt og frem til i dag, når den anerkendte økonomiprofessor Oded Galor sætter sig for at løse to af menneskehedens største mysterier: Hvorfor er vi den eneste art, der har undsluppet den såkaldte eksistensfælde, så vi nu har en levestandard, der langt overstiger alle andres? Og hvad er årsagen til, at vi som samfund har udviklet os så forskelligt, at uligheden i verden er blevet enorm? I sin søgen efter svar finder Oded Galor bl.a. ud af, hvordan der for ca. 200 år siden skete noget helt afgørende i menneskets historie. På ganske kort tid blev vores levealder fordoblet, og velstanden steg eksplosivt – en omvæltning, der overgår alt andet i Homo sapiens’ tid. DA MENNESKEHEDEN BLEV TIL er en fængslende historie om udviklingen af vores art over tusindvis af år. Om ulighed, kønsroller, vækst, uddannelse, religion, økonomi og kulturens kraft. Om nøglen til vores fremgang og overlevelse. "... Hvis du kun vil læse en bog om økonomi i år, vil jeg stærkt anbefale dig at vælge denne.” Carl-Johan Dahlgaard, professor og overvismand

For most of the vast span of human history, economic growth was all but nonexistent. Then, about two centuries ago, some nations began to emerge from this epoch of economic stagnation, experiencing sustained economic growth that led to significant increases in standards of living and profoundly altered the level and distribution of wealth, population, education, and health across the globe. The question ever since has been--why? This is the first book to put forward a unified theory of economic growth that accounts for the entire growth process, from the dawn of civilization to today. Oded Galor, who founded the field of unified growth theory, identifies the historical and prehistorical forces behind the differential transition timing from stagnation to growth and the emergence of income disparity around the world. Galor shows how the interaction between technological progress and population ultimately raised the importance of education in coping with the rapidly changing technological environment, brought about significant reduction in fertility rates, and enabled some economies to devote greater resources toward a steady increase in per capita income, paving the way for sustained economic growth. * Presents a unified theory of economic growth from the dawn of civilization to today * Explains the worldwide disparities in living standards and population we see today * Provides a comprehensive overview of the three phases of the development process * Analyzes the Malthusian theory and its empirical support * Examines theories of demographic transition and their empirical significance * Explores the interaction between economic development and human evolution

This book provides an introduction to discrete dynamical systems – a framework of analysis that is commonly used in the fields of biology, demography, ecology, economics, engineering, finance, and physics. The book characterizes the fundamental factors that govern the quantitative and qualitative trajectories of a variety of deterministic, discrete dynamical systems, providing solution methods for systems that can be solved analytically and methods of qualitative analysis for those systems that do not permit or necessitate an explicit solution. The analysis focuses initially on the characterization of the factors that govern the evolution of state variables in the elementary context of one-dimensional, first-order, linear, autonomous systems. The fundamental insights about the forces that affect the evolution of these elementary systems are subsequently generalized, and the determinants of the trajectories of multi-dimensional, nonlinear, higher-order, non-autonomous dynamical systems are established. Chapter 1 focuses on the analysis of the evolution of state variables in one-dimensional, first-order, autonomous systems. It introduces a method of solution for these systems, and it characterizes the trajectory of a state variable, in relation to a steady-state equilibrium of the system, examining the local and global (asymptotic) stability of this steady-state equilibrium. The first part of the chapter characterizes the factors that determine the existence, uniqueness and stability of a steady-state equilibrium in the elementary context of one-dimensional, first-order, linear autonomous systems.

This book provides an introduction to discrete dynamical systems – a framework of analysis that is commonly used in the fields of biology, demography, ecology, economics, engineering, finance, and physics. The book characterizes the fundamental factors that govern the quantitative and qualitative trajectories of a variety of deterministic, discrete dynamical systems, providing solution methods for systems that can be solved analytically and methods of qualitative analysis for those systems that do not permit or necessitate an explicit solution. The analysis focuses initially on the characterization of the factors that govern the evolution of state variables in the elementary context of one-dimensional, first-order, linear, autonomous systems. The fundamental insights about the forces that affect the evolution of these elementary systems are subsequently generalized, and the determinants of the trajectories of multi-dimensional, nonlinear, higher-order, non-autonomous dynamical systems are established. Chapter 1 focuses on the analysis of the evolution of state variables in one-dimensional, first-order, autonomous systems. It introduces a method of solution for these systems, and it characterizes the trajectory of a state variable, in relation to a steady-state equilibrium of the system, examining the local and global (asymptotic) stability of this steady-state equilibrium. The first part of the chapter characterizes the factors that determine the existence, uniqueness and stability of a steady-state equilibrium in the elementary context of one-dimensional, first-order, linear autonomous systems.

A grand unifying theory of human flourishing and inequality from one of the world’s pre-eminent thinkers A bold retelling of the entire human story from one of the world’s pre-eminent thinkers What causes living standards to rise? Why are some countries so much richer than others? How might all humans thrive and survive? In The Journey of Humanity, Oded Galor offers a revelatory explanation of how humanity escaped a life of subsistence poverty and began to enjoy previously unthinkable wealth and longevity. It shows why this process took place so much earlier and faster in some regions while it is only just taking place in others, and explains why so many of our efforts to improve lives have failed and how they might succeed. As humanity faces its greatest ever test, this book of urgent truths speaks across the political divide to arrive at universal lessons that are both hopeful and profound, revealing the keys not only to our species’ thriving but to our survival.