Peng Wang

Drawing on insights from sociology and new institutional economics, Extralegal Governance provides the first comprehensive account of China's illegal markets by applying a socio-economic approach. It considers social legitimacy and state repression in examining the nature of illegal markets. It examines how power dynamics and varying levels of punishment shape exchange relationships between buyers and sellers. It identifies context-specific risks and explains how private individuals and organizations address these risks by developing extralegal governance institutions to facilitate social cooperation across various illegal markets. Adopting a multiple-case study design to sample China's illegal markets, this book utilizes four cases - street vending, small-property-rights housing, corrupt exchanges, and online loan sharks - to examine how market participants foster cooperation and social order in illegal markets.

Drawing on insights from sociology and new institutional economics, Extralegal Governance provides the first comprehensive account of China's illegal markets by applying a socio-economic approach. It considers social legitimacy and state repression in examining the nature of illegal markets. It examines how power dynamics and varying levels of punishment shape exchange relationships between buyers and sellers. It identifies context-specific risks and explains how private individuals and organizations address these risks by developing extralegal governance institutions to facilitate social cooperation across various illegal markets. Adopting a multiple-case study design to sample China's illegal markets, this book utilizes four cases - street vending, small-property-rights housing, corrupt exchanges, and online loan sharks - to examine how market participants foster cooperation and social order in illegal markets.

This book introduces the background, basic concepts and evolution of computer network development; by comparing and contrasting with the typical network architectures in the market. The book focuses on the architecture and underpinning technologies towards the future in network designs. It also provides a reconfigurable evolutionary network function innovation platform for researches to run experiments on the networks they designed. The contents of this book are novel, informative, and practical — a reflection of the state-of-art development in network architecture. This book is written for engineers and researchers specializing in communications or computer networks. It could also be adopted as a textbook for graduate students majoring in communications, computing, and computer network related disciplines in colleges and universities.

It was my greatest pleasure to read the whole manuscript of Well-known Chinese Reading Study compiled by Mr. Peter Wang and his academic team. I am very proud for their seriousness of attitude, the high standard of their professionalism, the deepness of their profound Chinese language knowledge and the excellence of the exercises fabricated in the books. It is undoubtedly a vast amount of work from collecting materials, selecting content in organizing and compiling the whole series of the books. These informative and all-embracing series of books demonstrate the profound and diversified Chinese culture with five thousand years of accumulation to all the people abroad. Although Mr. Peter Wang has been in foreign country for a long time, he, however, never forgets to carry forward the culture of his motherland. He believes it is his obligatory responsibility to compile and publish a series of books which could introduce and demonstrate the Chinese history, society and culture to the whole world. The Chinese language learning materials selected in the books has fully displayed the Chinese culture for the offspring of overseas Chinese and foreign friends who hope to understand and master the Chinese culture. Well-known Chinese Reading Study includes eight parts: Chinese classical philosophy, Chinese classical military, the culture of Chinese medicine, the culture of Chinese food, Chinese poets, books and painting, Chinese garden art and architecture, Chinese folk arts and Chinese martial arts. It introduces the origination, evolution and development of the four modern industrial revolutions. At the same time, it also includes 3000 exercise learning of accurate literacy and interesting idioms. The compilers designed different story lines, creatively combing the language knowledge and stories in different cultures and times. By learning Well-known Chinese Reading Study, the learners will not only improve their Chinese language level, but also understand and master the Chinese culture. The long-lasting academic achievement results from consistently hard-working. Mr. Peter Wang and his academic team have showed their great perseverance and innovative spirit in writing the books. I believe it is their great passion for disseminating Chinese culture and dedication for the prosperity of Chinese as a foreign language that make Well-known Chinese Reading Study finally published. Therefore, I sincerely recommend Well-known Chinese Reading Study to those whom are interested in Chinese language and culture. The series is sure to win the heart of the readers and will surely become one of their favorites. It could be expected that the publication of the series is certain to receive the recognition from the colleagues and the society. I believe the series will become better and approach perfection day by day with its update and republication. Professor Li Guishan Dean of Institute of Multicultural Research Tianjin University of Technology 26 September, 2014 Translated by Wang Xuewen, 10/17/2014

It was my greatest pleasure to read the whole manuscript of Well-known Chinese Reading Study compiled by Mr. Peter Wang and his academic team. I am very proud for their seriousness of attitude, the high standard of their professionalism, the deepness of their profound Chinese language knowledge and the excellence of the exercises fabricated in the books. It is undoubtedly a vast amount of work from collecting materials, selecting content in organizing and compiling the whole series of the books. These informative and all-embracing series of books demonstrate the profound and diversified Chinese culture with five thousand years of accumulation to all the people abroad. Although Mr. Peter Wang has been in foreign country for a long time, he, however, never forgets to carry forward the culture of his motherland. He believes it is his obligatory responsibility to compile and publish a series of books which could introduce and demonstrate the Chinese history, society and culture to the whole world. The Chinese language learning materials selected in the books has fully displayed the Chinese culture for the offspring of overseas Chinese and foreign friends who hope to understand and master the Chinese culture. Well-known Chinese Reading Study includes eight parts: Chinese classical philosophy, Chinese classical military, the culture of Chinese medicine, the culture of Chinese food, Chinese poets, books and painting, Chinese garden art and architecture, Chinese folk arts and Chinese martial arts. It introduces the origination, evolution and development of the four modern industrial revolutions. At the same time, it also includes 3000 exercise learning of accurate literacy and interesting idioms. The compilers designed different story lines, creatively combing the language knowledge and stories in different cultures and times. By learning Well-known Chinese Reading Study, the learners will not only improve their Chinese language level, but also understand and master the Chinese culture. The long-lasting academic achievement results from consistently hard-working. Mr. Peter Wang and his academic team have showed their great perseverance and innovative spirit in writing the books. I believe it is their great passion for disseminating Chinese culture and dedication for the prosperity of Chinese as a foreign language that make Well-known Chinese Reading Study finally published. Therefore, I sincerely recommend Well-known Chinese Reading Study to those whom are interested in Chinese language and culture. The series is sure to win the heart of the readers and will surely become one of their favorites. It could be expected that the publication of the series is certain to receive the recognition from the colleagues and the society. I believe the series will become better and approach perfection day by day with its update and republication. Professor Li Guishan Dean of Institute of Multicultural Research Tianjin University of Technology 26 September, 2014 Translated by Wang Xuewen, 10/17/2014

This book presents recent advances in data-driven global optimization methods, combining theoretical foundations with real-world applications to address complex engineering optimization challenges. The book begins with an overview of the state of the art, key technologies and standard benchmark problems in the field. It then delves into several innovative approaches: space reduction-based, hybrid surrogate model-based and multi-surrogate model-based global optimization, followed by surrogate-assisted constrained global optimization, discrete global optimization and high-dimensional global optimization. These methods represent a variety of optimization techniques that excel in both optimization capability and efficiency, making them ideal choices for complex engineering optimization problems. Through benchmark test problems and real-world engineering applications, the book illustrates the practical implementation of these methods, linking established theories with cutting-edge research in industrial and engineering optimization. Both a professional book and an academic reference, this title will provide valuable insights for researchers, students, engineers and practitioners in a variety of fields, including optimization methods and algorithms, engineering design and manufacturing and artificial intelligence and machine learning.

Multilingual Artificial Intelligence is a guide for non-computer science specialists and learners looking to explore the implementation of AI technologies to solve real-life problems involving language data. Focusing on multilingual, multicultural, pre-trained large language models and their practical use through fine-tuning and prompt engineering, Wang and Smith demonstrate how to apply this new technology in areas such as information retrieval, semantic webs, and retrieval augmented generation, to improve both human productivity and machine intelligence. Finally, they discuss the human impact of language technologies in the cultural context, and provide an AI competence framework for users to design their own learning journey. This innovative text is essential reading for all students, professionals, and researchers in language, linguistics, and related areas looking to understand how to integrate multilingual and multicultural artificial intelligence technology into their research and practice.

Multilingual Artificial Intelligence is a guide for non-computer science specialists and learners looking to explore the implementation of AI technologies to solve real-life problems involving language data. Focusing on multilingual, multicultural, pre-trained large language models and their practical use through fine-tuning and prompt engineering, Wang and Smith demonstrate how to apply this new technology in areas such as information retrieval, semantic webs, and retrieval augmented generation, to improve both human productivity and machine intelligence. Finally, they discuss the human impact of language technologies in the cultural context, and provide an AI competence framework for users to design their own learning journey. This innovative text is essential reading for all students, professionals, and researchers in language, linguistics, and related areas looking to understand how to integrate multilingual and multicultural artificial intelligence technology into their research and practice.

Subpixel mapping is a technology that generates a fine resolution land cover map from coarse resolution fractional images by predicting the spatial locations of different land cover classes at the subpixel scale. This book provides readers with a complete overview of subpixel image processing methods, basic principles, and different subpixel mapping techniques based on single or multi-shift remote sensing images. Step-by-step procedures, experimental contents, and result analyses are explained clearly at the end of each chapter. Real-life applications are a great resource for understanding how and where to use subpixel mapping when dealing with different remote sensing imaging data. This book will be of interest to undergraduate and graduate students, majoring in remote sensing, surveying, mapping, and signal and information processing in universities and colleges, and it can also be used by professionals and researchers at different levels in related fields.

A collection of 15 classic Chinese folk stories—passed down from generation to generation—presented in both Chinese and English. Welcome to the fascinating world of Chinese folklore. The fifteen stories in this book address universal concerns such as the origins of humankind, the impact of wars and natural disasters, the great deeds of cultural heroes, the struggle for dignity and justice for the common man, and the yearnings of the human heart. For readers from around the world, this book is a window to some of the historical and cultural facets of China that remain relevant today. These stories can be enjoyed in English by readers with no knowledge of Chinese, while the bilingual format and vocabulary lists are an added bonus for language students. Each story is given in parallel Chinese and English versions, and is accompanied by a short essay about its historical context, a vocabulary list, discussion questions, and native speaker audio recordings. Enjoy fifteen classic Chinese folk tales, including: "Taming the New Year's Beast" — How the Lunar New Year festival came about, celebrated after the ferocious monster Nian was frightened off by sparks, explosive noises and the color red when it came hunting for children and animals." Two Virtuous Mothers of Ancient China" — The true story of two widowed mothers who raised their sons to become great men. One used gentle persuasion; the other used strict discipline. It is left to the reader to decide which method is the more effective." The Chinese Romeo and Juliet" — A classic tale of tragic love, Zhu Yingtai, the beloved daughter of a local official, is disguised as a young male scholar to study in Hangzhou — some distance away from her home. While she was in the academy she met a soulmate, Liang Shanbo, and as they studied together for three years, she developed feelings for him… "Judge Bao Takes On the Emperor's Son-in-Law" — The famous Judge Bao decided to right a wrong when the emperor's son-in-law, Chen Shimei, committed bigamy by pretending to be single in order to become the imperial son-in-law. He even attempted to hide this crime by obliterating his wife and two children, but was thwarted by Judge Bao, who risked his own life and career to carry out justice.

Twelve Traditional Stories That Children Will Love! This bilingual children's book presents a charming collection of folktales and fables on the timeless theme of the twelve animals of the Chinese zodiac. All of these stories are very popular in China, retold and adapted here to appeal to young readers and children all around the world. Each story explores a moral dilemma that young readers can easily understand, and provides a gentle lesson that they will discover for themselves. The twelve stories in this book include:"How a Monkey Was Doomed by His Own Pride" A monkey is rescued by a dolphin after a shipwreck but is dumped back into the sea when his pretense of being rich and famous is discovered." What Kind of Music Do Cows Appreciate?" A master musician does not blame the cows when they don't like his music, but instead learns to create music that the cows will appreciate. How Do You Make Dragons Come to Life?" An artist obeys the emperor's command to add eyes to his painted dragons, but when the dragons come to life and fly away, it tuns out this was not what the emperor wanted after all. And nine other stories! This book is intended for children 7-12 years. It is for young language learners as well as general readers.

This book focuses on the current internal and external situation China is facing both from a macro perspective and a theoretical height, and puts forward practical development strategies and diplomatic ideas. It is of great methodological significance. At home, the development thought after the conclusion of the hundred-year change is the guiding thought for China's further development, and abroad, the international communication and the construction of international order highlighted by the hundred-year change also have important reference significance for the world's development.

Visual Question Answering (VQA) usually combines visual inputs like image and video with a natural language question concerning the input and generates a natural language answer as the output. This is by nature a multi-disciplinary research problem, involving computer vision (CV), natural language processing (NLP), knowledge representation and reasoning (KR), etc. Further, VQA is an ambitious undertaking, as it must overcome the challenges of general image understanding and the question-answering task, as well as the difficulties entailed by using large-scale databases with mixed-quality inputs. However, with the advent of deep learning (DL) and driven by the existence of advanced techniques in both CV and NLP and the availability of relevant large-scale datasets, we have recently seen enormous strides in VQA, with more systems and promising results emerging. This book provides a comprehensive overview of VQA, covering fundamental theories, models, datasets, andpromising future directions. Given its scope, it can be used as a textbook on computer vision and natural language processing, especially for researchers and students in the area of visual question answering. It also highlights the key models used in VQA.

Machine Learning in Translation introduces machine learning (ML) theories and technologies that are most relevant to translation processes, approaching the topic from a human perspective and emphasizing that ML and ML-driven technologies are tools for humans. Providing an exploration of the common ground between human and machine learning and of the nature of translation that leverages this new dimension, this book helps linguists, translators, and localizers better find their added value in a ML-driven translation environment. Part One explores how humans and machines approach the problem of translation in their own particular ways, in terms of word embeddings, chunking of larger meaning units, and prediction in translation based upon the broader context. Part Two introduces key tasks, including machine translation, translation quality assessment and quality estimation, and other Natural Language Processing (NLP) tasks in translation. Part Three focuses on the role of data in both human and machine learning processes. It proposes that a translator’s unique value lies in the capability to create, manage, and leverage language data in different ML tasks in the translation process. It outlines new knowledge and skills that need to be incorporated into traditional translation education in the machine learning era. The book concludes with a discussion of human-centered machine learning in translation, stressing the need to empower translators with ML knowledge, through communication with ML users, developers, and programmers, and with opportunities for continuous learning. This accessible guide is designed for current and future users of ML technologies in localization workflows, including students on courses in translation and localization, language technology, and related areas. It supports the professional development of translation practitioners, so that they can fully utilize ML technologies and design their own human-centered ML-driven translation workflows and NLP tasks.

Machine Learning in Translation introduces machine learning (ML) theories and technologies that are most relevant to translation processes, approaching the topic from a human perspective and emphasizing that ML and ML-driven technologies are tools for humans. Providing an exploration of the common ground between human and machine learning and of the nature of translation that leverages this new dimension, this book helps linguists, translators, and localizers better find their added value in a ML-driven translation environment. Part One explores how humans and machines approach the problem of translation in their own particular ways, in terms of word embeddings, chunking of larger meaning units, and prediction in translation based upon the broader context. Part Two introduces key tasks, including machine translation, translation quality assessment and quality estimation, and other Natural Language Processing (NLP) tasks in translation. Part Three focuses on the role of data in both human and machine learning processes. It proposes that a translator’s unique value lies in the capability to create, manage, and leverage language data in different ML tasks in the translation process. It outlines new knowledge and skills that need to be incorporated into traditional translation education in the machine learning era. The book concludes with a discussion of human-centered machine learning in translation, stressing the need to empower translators with ML knowledge, through communication with ML users, developers, and programmers, and with opportunities for continuous learning. This accessible guide is designed for current and future users of ML technologies in localization workflows, including students on courses in translation and localization, language technology, and related areas. It supports the professional development of translation practitioners, so that they can fully utilize ML technologies and design their own human-centered ML-driven translation workflows and NLP tasks.

Subpixel mapping is a technology that generates a fine resolution land cover map from coarse resolution fractional images by predicting the spatial locations of different land cover classes at the subpixel scale. This book provides readers with a complete overview of subpixel image processing methods, basic principles, and different subpixel mapping techniques based on single or multi-shift remote sensing images. Step-by-step procedures, experimental contents, and result analyses are explained clearly at the end of each chapter. Real-life applications are a great resource for understanding how and where to use subpixel mapping when dealing with different remote sensing imaging data. This book will be of interest to undergraduate and graduate students, majoring in remote sensing, surveying, mapping, and signal and information processing in universities and colleges, and it can also be used by professionals and researchers at different levels in related fields.

Design Principles and Structure of Overseas Chinese Textbooks: 海外中文教学在很多不同的领域有着很大的区别，特别是非中文专业的需求者数量巨大，包括华裔儿童和非华裔学习者。海外中文教学各种机构，都在不停寻找一个比较清晰的教学思路，包括教学大纲内容和教学方法等，并分析教学难点等，这些是海外中文汉语教学领域里的永远的话题。本书根据十多来在海外中文教学中遇到的实际问题，做了大量的研究和教学实验与教学测试，发现了很多有趣的现象，也再次确认了初级瓶颈和中级瓶颈的说法，并提出了各种难点的解决方案，逐渐成型了一个总结性的纲要。在此基础上提出了海外中文教学中存在问题的可能原因，并设计了一套从入门到高级四个阶段的教学体系。其中识字系列包含入门、初级、中级三个阶段，识字以韵文识字为主体，包含了儿歌，韵文和诗词等，并配置了多达数十种多媒体训练内容的教学模块。入门和初级阶段结合辅助阅读训练，包含了从一句话到300字的小故事。大阅读为中级阶段的重点训练内容，重点是在突破了语感听说的基本能力之后，由韵文识字教学模式的口语化教学，转换成书面语言的教学模式。本书的主要作用在于无论是教程设计者还是教学者或者学习者，都可以从中找到一个参考性具体内容。根据教学和学习的目的要求，评估目前学习者的中文水平，按照教程设计的阶段，快速的找到对应的教学计划、教学方法和教学内容。特别是入门、初级和中级阶段的识字系列，研发了一整套多媒体系统，这套系统既可以作为老师上课用的多媒体课件，也可以用于学生的课后作业，节省了老师课前大量的备课时间，不用再寻找相关材料，制作多媒体课件等。老师的主要精力，可以根据不同的学生特点，结合教学内容，设计出定制的与学生互动方法与内容。这些应该是老师们最需要的教学辅助材料与手段。高级阶段的重点是阅读教学，《高效海外中文-（中国通）阅读系列》教材体系的精华内容设计之处，在于内容上的前后连接和联想模式，推出了中华文化的独立主题八大模块，是建立中华文化系统框架的基础内容。在结构编排上，注重了历史、人物故事和思想体系的横向及纵向连接，不同的主题线把许多故事有效的连接起来，无论是在语言学习还是在历史人物和事件上都有非常强烈的联想功能。这样的设计符合学生各个年龄段的阅读心理需求，丰富了教学内容和手段。首先是让老师和家长们爱不释手，学生们才有可能喜欢。这是《高效海外中文-（中国通）阅读系列》设计的最终目标，中文教学中有识字教学与阅读教学，并精通中华文化。