Petter Gottschalk

This book discusses privatization of law enforcement in relation to suspected corporate crime and recommends guidelines for successful fraud examinations. There is a growing business for global auditing and local law firms to conduct internal investigations at client organizations when there is suspicion of white-collar misconduct and crime. This book reflects on the work by these private fraud examiners in terms of an evaluation of their investigation reports. The book brings an original theoretical and methodological approach to investigations of white-collar crime. It develops the theory of convenience as an explanation for motive, opportunity, and willingness to commit and conceal white-collar crime. This theory is then related to the case studies. Structured in such a way as to allow the reader to use the text as a nonsequential reference source or guide to a set of connected issues, the book illustrates the practice of privatization by cases and presents guidelines for successful fraud examination. As an investigation can lead to conviction and incarceration, this privatization of crime investigation feeds into the larger issue of privatization of policing. The work will be a valuable resource for students, academics, and practitioners working in the areas of Criminal Justice, Corporate Law, and Business.

Studies have shown that the number of individuals being incarcerated for white-collar crime is on the rise, going hand-in-hand with an increase in support for punishment and imprisonment for white-collar offenders among the public. This book aims to discuss the role of the 'convenience triangle' in white-collar crime, how it affects the perpetration of these crimes, the impact of this on detection and prevention and the effects of the punitive measures taken against white-collar criminals. The 'convenience triangle' is the dynamic relationship between motive, opportunity, and willingness to commit a crime, which culminates in the illegal acts that constitute white-collar crime. The relationship between these factors is explored through case studies highlighting each of these six causal relationships. Alongside this, the role of whistleblowing in the detection of white-collar crime, and the issue of incarceration for white collar criminals are discussed. For students of business and management, this book will provide valuable insights into the motivation and practice of white-collar crime. Its insights and discussion will also prove valuable for practitioners, engaged in both management and crime prevention.

Fraud and Corruption is at the core of financial crime by white-collar offenders. This book provides an introduction to the shadow economy and presents the theory of convenience for white-collar crime. It explains why so few are willing to blow the whistle on people in the elite for misconduct and crime. The book is aimed at readers who are training for and working in control functions. The book illustrates challenges in controlling public administration by political bodies. Readers will learn the definitions of fraud and corruption, the convenience perspective, the role of whistleblowers, and the importance of fraud and corruption investigations. In addition, it presents updated research on white-collar crime as explained by convenience theory and illustrated by problematic issues such as whistleblower retaliation.

This book examines internal fraud investigations in public and private organizations. It provides a theoretical framework of white-collar crime and convenience theory, to examine a number of case studies, including some cases brought to light by the Panama Papers. Investigating white-collar crime is distinguished from other types of crime by: concealment of the crime rather than the criminal, victims who may be unaware of the crime and not directly visible to the criminal, and the resources available to suspects. It requires a unique strategy and a unique set of tools. This work provides insight into a number of internal investigation reports that are normally not publicly available. It will be of interest to researchers in criminology and criminal justice, particularly with an interest in white collar crime and corruption, as well as related fields such as business, management, economics, and public administration.

This book aims to bridge the gap between general CEO research, which is traditionally focused on positive aspects of leadership, and lesser understood research into CEO misconduct and crime. Gottschalk introduces convenience theory as an integrated explanation for CEO involvement in white-collar crime. The chief executive officer is a unique position within an organization in terms of power and influence, role and behavior, compensation and benefits, and conflict and competition. The convenience perspective suggests that motivation (personal and organizational goals), opportunity (offense and concealment in an organizational context), as well as behavior (lack of control and neutralization of guilt) make financial crime a convenient option to avoid threats and to exploit opportunities. A thorough and methodical study, this book will be of special interest to scholars of corporate social responsibility and criminological theory.

This book introduces 'convenience' as the key concept to explain financial crime by white-collar criminals. Based on a number of fraud examination- reports from the United States and Norway, the book documents empirical evidence of convenience among white-collar criminals. It advances our understanding of white-collar crime by drawing attention to private investigation reports by fraud examiners and financial crime specialists, who are in the growing business of fraud investigations. Reports of investigations have never before been researched in terms of white-collar criminals nor crime convenience. Reports of investigations by auditing and law firms represent a valuable empirical basis – in addition to court documents and other sources of information about financial crime. A methodical and well-researched study, this book will be of particular interest to scholars of criminological theory and law – in addition to ethics courses in business schools.

This open access book examines the magnitude, causes of, and reactions to white-collar crime, based on the theories and research of those who have uncovered various forms of white-collar crime. It argues that the offenders who are convicted represent only ‘the tip of the iceberg’ of a much greater problem: because white-collar crime is forced to compete with other kinds of financial crime like social security fraud for police resources and so receives less attention and fewer investigations. Gottschalk and Gunnesdal also offer insights into estimation techniques for the shadow economy, in an attempt to comprehend the size of the problem. Holding broad appeal for academics, practitioners in public administration, and government agencies, this innovative study serves as a timely starting point for examining the lack of investigation, detection, and conviction of powerful white-collar criminals.

Investigating white-collar crime is like any other investigation concerned with past events. However, a number of characteristics require a contingent approach to these investigations. This book describes the process of conducting private internal investigations by fraud examiners and presents a number of reports from the United States, Sweden and Norway. It evaluates a number of internal investigation reports to reflect on the practice of fraud examinations. Empirical studies provide a basis to reflect theoretically on practice improvements for fraud examiners. Rather than presenting normative recommendations based on ideal or stereotype situations so often found in existing books, this book develops guidelines based on empirical study of current practice. Internal investigations should uncover the truth about misconduct or crime without damaging the reputation of innocent employees. Typical elements of an inquiry include collection and examination of written and recorded evidence, interviews with suspects and witnesses, data in computer systems, and network forensics. Internal inquiries may take many forms, depending upon the nature of the conduct at issue and the scope of the investigation. There should be recognition at the outset of any investigation that certain materials prepared during the course of the investigation may eventually be subject to disclosure to law enforcement authorities or other third parties. The entire investigation should be conducted with an eye towards preparing a final report. As evidenced in this book, private fraud examiners take on complicated roles in private internal investigations and often fail in their struggle to reconstruct the past in objective ways characterized by integrity and accountability.

Investigating white-collar crime is like any other investigation concerned with past events. However, a number of characteristics require a contingent approach to these investigations. This book describes the process of conducting private internal investigations by fraud examiners and presents a number of reports from the United States, Sweden and Norway. It evaluates a number of internal investigation reports to reflect on the practice of fraud examinations. Empirical studies provide a basis to reflect theoretically on practice improvements for fraud examiners. Rather than presenting normative recommendations based on ideal or stereotype situations so often found in existing books, this book develops guidelines based on empirical study of current practice. Internal investigations should uncover the truth about misconduct or crime without damaging the reputation of innocent employees. Typical elements of an inquiry include collection and examination of written and recorded evidence, interviews with suspects and witnesses, data in computer systems, and network forensics. Internal inquiries may take many forms, depending upon the nature of the conduct at issue and the scope of the investigation. There should be recognition at the outset of any investigation that certain materials prepared during the course of the investigation may eventually be subject to disclosure to law enforcement authorities or other third parties. The entire investigation should be conducted with an eye towards preparing a final report. As evidenced in this book, private fraud examiners take on complicated roles in private internal investigations and often fail in their struggle to reconstruct the past in objective ways characterized by integrity and accountability.

Very few white-collar criminals are detected. They are able to commit and conceal their fraud to benefit their organization or themselves, and continue in their privileged professional positions as members of the elite in society. When rumors of misconduct and crime occur, white-collar offenders are often so powerful that nothing happens to them. Some are too powerful to detect, investigate, prosecute, and jail. Whistleblowers play an important role in detection. They detect crime signals and send messages to people who can do something about the situation. They may report internally to executives or auditors, or they may send messages externally to journalists or public authorities. After discussion of white-collar fraud in the perspective of convenience theory, this book moves into its core of fraud signal detection, detailing the key terms signal strength, signal alertness, pattern recognition, and personal experience. The book then presents four case studies where whistleblowers reported fraud suspicions. After whistleblowing, fraud examiners were hired to reconstruct past events in private internal investigations.

Gransking er å rekonstruere en hendelse eller et hendelsesforløp. De som utfører granskingen skal finne svar på hva som skjedde, og hvordan og hvorfor hendelsen fant sted. Granskerne skal finne ut hvem som var delaktige i hendelsesforløpet, og hvem som forsøkte å forhindre det, men de skal ikke ta stilling til om hendelsene er å betrakte som lovbrudd. Strategisk gransking innebærer at granskerne bruker fem bestemte strategier ved undersøkelse og kartlegging av hendelser:informasjonsstrategi (valg av informasjonskilder)kunnskaps­strategi (valg av kunnskapskategorier)metodestrategi (valg av fremgangsmåter)konfigurasjonsstrategi (valg av arbeidsform) ogsystemstrategi (valg av digitalisering). Strategisk gransking ved mistanke om økonomisk kriminalitet dreier seg om å finne frem til og sikre spor som sannsynliggjør sakens sanne sammenheng og mistenktes skyld eller eventuelt skyldfrihet. Denne boken retter seg mot bachelorstudenter på siviløkonomstudier, økonomisk-administrative studier, og kriminologi-, politi- og jusstudier. Boken er også egnet for ledere som vil vurdere kriminelle trusler i og mot virksomheten.«Skjulte transaksjoner i skatteparadis er et alvorlig samfunnsproblem. Uten gransking ville mye økonomisk kriminalitet aldri blitt avdekket. Professor Gottschalks bidrag til granskingsfaget er av stor betydning.» SIGRID KLÆBOE JACOBSEN, daglig leder av Tax Justice Network

This 6th volume of the JIDR is devoted to a wide range of research themes, which are all linked to the concepts of management both implicitly and explicitly. In this issue we use a management lens to look at some fundamental questions societies face today, such as ethics, successful counselling for well-being at work, the age of digitalization in the banking industry, public policies - what matters, health and well-being and recovering from life threatening illness and lastly, gender imbalance in paid work globally. The discussions in these articles highlight several recurring and yet under-researched issues in these fields. In the coming year, it is our vision to have the JIDR continue to publish a combination of manuscripts related to the theme of diversity in international research

Økonomisk kriminalitet. Ledelse og samfunnsansvar gir en bred teoretisk og empirisk beskrivelse av økonomisk kriminalitet generelt og hvitsnippkriminalitet spesielt i Norge. Den introduserer bekvemmelighetsteori som en integrert forklaring på hvitsnippkriminalitet, der økonomisk motiv, organisatorisk mulighet og avvikende atferd er de utslagsgivende faktorene. I bokens andre utgave er plasskrevende lister over navngitte hvitsnippforbrytere fjernet og temaene bedre balansert, i tillegg til at stoffet er oppdatert og utvidet med nye perspektiver. Blant temaene som behandles i boken eren modenhetsmodell for samfunnsansvarvarsling som informasjonskildegransking, deriblant situasjonsbestemt gransking og granskingsstrategieren utviklingsmodell for kriminelle organisasjonerØkonomisk kriminalitet. Ledelse og samfunnsansvar retter seg mot bachelorstudenter på siviløkonomstudier, økonomisk-administrative studier, og kriminologi-, politi- og jusstudier. Den er egnet for nettstudenter som vil tilegne seg en innføring i sentrale teorier om økonomisk kriminalitet og for praktikere som skal gjennomføre undersøkelser, utredninger, forvaltningsrevisjon, gransking eller utvidet revisjon ved mistanke om økonomisk kriminalitet. Boken er også egnet for ledere som vil vurdere kriminelle trusler i og mot virksomheten. Å bekjempe økonomisk kriminalitet forutsetter kunnskap om både kriminaliteten og de kriminelle. Denne boken formidler kunnskap gjennom aktuelle norske eksempler, statistikk, beskrivelser, definisjoner og teorier.

Ever since Sutherland coined the term 'white-collar crime', researchers have struggled to understand and explain why some individuals abuse their privileged positions of trust and commit financial crime. This book makes a novel contribution to the development of convenience theory as a framework to understand and explain 'white-collar crime'. The framework integrates well-known theories from criminology, management and other fields to explain the occurrence of offenses. It is found that autobiographies indicate a strong presence of neutralization techniques in the behavioral dimension of convenience theory, while internal investigations indicate a strong presence of organizational opportunities to commit 'white-collar crime'. Survey research, on the other hand, is found to indicate a strong belief that chief executives sometimes have the motive to commit financial crime in times of crisis, in times of great challenges, and in times of greed. The book concludes that the only feasible avenue to combat this type of crime is to make it less convenient. This book will appeal to criminology and criminal justice students at both bachelor and master levels, as well as those studying business and law. Practitioners, including consultants in global auditing firms, attorneys and police academy students will also benefit from the overview of convenience theory research.

This book examines internal fraud investigations in public and private organizations. It provides a theoretical framework of white-collar crime and convenience theory, to examine a number of case studies, including some cases brought to light by the Panama Papers. Investigating white-collar crime is distinguished from other types of crime by: concealment of the crime rather than the criminal, victims who may be unaware of the crime and not directly visible to the criminal, and the resources available to suspects. It requires a unique strategy and a unique set of tools. This work provides insight into a number of internal investigation reports that are normally not publicly available. It will be of interest to researchers in criminology and criminal justice, particularly with an interest in white collar crime and corruption, as well as related fields such as business, management, economics, and public administration.

This book aims to bridge the gap between general CEO research, which is traditionally focused on positive aspects of leadership, and lesser understood research into CEO misconduct and crime. Gottschalk introduces convenience theory as an integrated explanation for CEO involvement in white-collar crime. The chief executive officer is a unique position within an organization in terms of power and influence, role and behavior, compensation and benefits, and conflict and competition. The convenience perspective suggests that motivation (personal and organizational goals), opportunity (offense and concealment in an organizational context), as well as behavior (lack of control and neutralization of guilt) make financial crime a convenient option to avoid threats and to exploit opportunities. A thorough and methodical study, this book will be of special interest to scholars of corporate social responsibility and criminological theory.

This book introduces 'convenience' as the key concept to explain financial crime by white-collar criminals. Based on a number of fraud examination- reports from the United States and Norway, the book documents empirical evidence of convenience among white-collar criminals. It advances our understanding of white-collar crime by drawing attention to private investigation reports by fraud examiners and financial crime specialists, who are in the growing business of fraud investigations. Reports of investigations have never before been researched in terms of white-collar criminals nor crime convenience. Reports of investigations by auditing and law firms represent a valuable empirical basis – in addition to court documents and other sources of information about financial crime. A methodical and well-researched study, this book will be of particular interest to scholars of criminological theory and law – in addition to ethics courses in business schools.

Understanding White-Collar Crime develops the concept of convenience as the main explanation for crime occurrence. Examining all three dimensions of crime—economic, organizational, and behavioral—the book argues that when white-collar crime becomes less convenient, crime rates will go down. By applying convenience theory to an empirical sample of convicted white-collar criminals, the text teaches criminal justice students and ethics and compliance practitioners to identify and understand how opportunity affects real-world criminal situations. Internal investigations of white-collar crime are discussed, and corporate social responsibility against white-collar crime is emphasized. Understanding White-Collar Crime: A Convenience Perspective examines not only the theories behind white-collar crime, but also explores methods used in criminal justice investigations into corporate fraud, and emphasizes the importance of corporate social responsibility in reducing crimes of this nature. Criminal justice students and practitioners should not miss this close look into the world of white-collar crime.

This forth volume of the JIDR is devoted to a wide range of research themes, which are all linked to the concept of diversity; both implicitly and explicitly. In addition, this volume showcases research related to the doctorate journey. As the mission statement and title of our journal suggests, our goal is to promote excellence in publications with a focus on both doctorate studies and also on research disseminated from specific doctorate studies. In next yearIs journal, empirical data will be presented which investigates variables which impact the isafe navigation of the doctoral voyageI. Elements such as choice of research methodology, professional background, family issues, career path, gender and choice of supervisor all impact the success rate of PhD candidate. Two of our articles this year therefore showcase the doctoral research journey.