Raul Hernandez-Coss

Governments are challenged to make an innovation-friendly climate while simultaneously ensuring that business development remain sustainable. Criminal use of the technology--terrorist financing and money laundering--challenges long-run business viability via risk of massive investment flight and public distrust of new players entering the market. Sustainable business models are those that base regulation on a careful risk-based analysis. This study identifies the perceived risks and compares them with the actual level of risk for each category of mobile phone financial services. The comparison reveals that the perceptions do not weigh up to the reality. Based on fieldwork in seven locations where the technology has taken off, this paper finds that providers apply measures that are consistent with international standards to combat money laundering and terrorist financing. It identifies the sometimes non-traditional means the industry uses that both mitigate the risks and are in line with good business practices. Acknowledging that mobile phone financial services are no riskier than other channels, governments are called to treat them as an opportunity to expand access to finance.

The book explores the developments that have taken place, as this market has shifted, and identifies areas within the corridor that could be further developed to enhance its development potential. The discussion of the remittance process is broken down into the three operational stages of remittances transactions: the First Mile, when decisions are in the hands of the remittance sender; the Intermediary Stage, comprising the systems that facilitate the transfer of funds, and the Last Mile, where the funds reach the hands of the remittance recipient. By analyzing the objectives, obstacles, incentives, and changes occurring at each of these stages in the U. S.-Mexico corridor, this book presents lessons for other remittance corridors seeking to achieve a comprehensive shift from informal to formal systems.