Richard Matthew Pollard

In the history of Christianity, the so-called ‘Church Fathers’ hold an immensely important place. This title, which we now associate with figures like St Augustine or St Jerome, was used from the fourth century onwards to designate particularly trustworthy authorities, whose opinions became the foundation of Western religious and intellectual culture. But who exactly were these Church Fathers? This examines this fundamental questions and considers which authors constituted the ‘Church Fathers’, the key religious authorities of the early Middle Ages, and assesses whether the Jewish historian Flavius Josephus formed part of this illustrious category. In the process Richard Matthew Pollard uses a variety of novel techniques: using new quantitative methods, as well as sensitive qualitative analysis, it sketches the shape of this shadowy group, and traces how certain figures join, or leave, this exclusive club. In particular, the book focuses on the place of Flavius Josephus, an ancient Jewish historian (c. 37-100) whom some have suggested became a quasi-Church Father. Only by carefully defining the Church Fathers can we evaluate such claims; in the process, we learn a great deal more about Josephus’ understudied medieval legacy. Josephus and the Church Fathers in the Early Middle Ages ultimately enables us to understand and appreciate the foundational authorities of European Christian culture – some of whom were not Christian at all.

The Codex epistolaris Carolinus preserves ninety-nine letters, dated between 739 and 791 and sent by the popes to the Frankish king Charlemagne and his predecessors. The compilation was commissioned by Charlemagne in 791, but the sole surviving medieval manuscript of the letters was made at Cologne in the later ninth century and is now in Vienna (Österreichische Nationalbibliothek Cod. 449). The headings or lemmata provided for each letter by the Frankish compilers in 791 and faithfully preserved in the codex, add a distinctive Frankish commentary on events in Rome and Italy in the second half of the eighth century. This book not only provides the first full English translation of the letters and lemmata in the Codex epistolaris Carolinus but also re-creates the original Carolingian order of presentation of the letters according to the manuscript. A substantial introduction discusses the historical significance of the collection, the compilation and contexts of the Vienna manuscript, especially the significance of the lemmata, the peculiarities of the Latin of the papal letters and the biblical citations, and the historical context of the letters themselves. The lemmata and letter translations are augmented with introductions to each letter and a comprehensive historical commentary and glossary.

The Codex epistolaris Carolinus preserves ninety-nine letters, dated between 739 and 791 and sent by the popes to the Frankish king Charlemagne and his predecessors. The compilation was commissioned by Charlemagne in 791, but the sole surviving medieval manuscript of the letters was made at Cologne in the later ninth century and is now in Vienna (Österreichische Nationalbibliothek Cod. 449). The headings or lemmata provided for each letter by the Frankish compilers in 791 and faithfully preserved in the codex, add a distinctive Frankish commentary on events in Rome and Italy in the second half of the eighth century. This book not only provides the first full English translation of the letters and lemmata in the Codex epistolaris Carolinus but also re-creates the original Carolingian order of presentation of the letters according to the manuscript. A substantial introduction discusses the historical significance of the collection, the compilation and contexts of the Vienna manuscript, especially the significance of the lemmata, the peculiarities of the Latin of the papal letters and the biblical citations, and the historical context of the letters themselves. The lemmata and letter translations are augmented with introductions to each letter and a comprehensive historical commentary and glossary.