Ritesh Singla

Wann immer wir beobachten oder messen, machen wir uns Gedanken dar ber, ob wir das messen, was wir zu messen beabsichtigen, oder ob unsere Beobachtungen durch die Umst nde, unter denen sie gemacht werden, beeinflusst werden, und wir ziehen Schlussfolgerungen ber die Qualit t unserer Ma nahmen, die eine wichtige breitere Rolle bei der Behandlung der inhaltlichen Fragen unserer Studie spielen werden. Eine gute Messung muss nicht nur reliabel, sondern auch valide sein. Wir denken oft an Reliabilit t und Validit t als getrennte Ideen, aber tats chlich sind sie miteinander verwandt. Eine Ma nahme kann nicht g ltig sein, wenn sie nicht zuverl ssig ist, aber eine zuverl ssige Ma nahme kann nicht g ltig sein, und "Reliabilit t ist eine notwendige, aber nicht hinreichende Bedingung f r Validit t".

Chaque fois que nous observons ou mesurons, nous nous pr occupons de savoir si nous mesurons ce que nous avons l'intention de mesurer ou si nos observations sont influenc es par les circonstances dans lesquelles elles sont faites et nous tirons des conclusions sur la qualit de nos mesures; ces conclusions joueront un r le important et plus large dans le traitement des questions de fond de notre tude. Une bonne mesure doit non seulement tre fiable mais aussi valide. Une mesure ne peut tre valide que si elle est fiable, mais une mesure fiable peut ne pas tre valide, et la fiabilit est une condition n cessaire mais non suffisante de la validit .

Ogni volta che osserviamo o misuriamo, ci preoccupiamo di sapere se stiamo misurando ci che intendiamo misurare o se le nostre osservazioni sono influenzate dalle circostanze in cui sono fatte e giungiamo a conclusioni sulla qualit delle nostre misure conclusioni che giocheranno un importante ruolo pi ampio nell'affrontare le questioni sostanziali del nostro studio. Una buona misura non solo deve essere affidabile ma anche valida. Spesso pensiamo all'affidabilit e alla validit come idee separate ma, in realt , sono collegate l'una all'altra. Una misura non pu essere valida se non affidabile, ma una misura affidabile pu non essere valida, e 'L'affidabilit una condizione necessaria ma non sufficiente per la validit '.

Whenever we observe or measure, we are concerned with whether we are measuring what we intend to measure or whether our observations are influenced by the circumstances in which they are made and we reach conclusions about the quality of our measures conclusions that will play an important broader role in addressing the substantive issues of our study. A good measure must not only be reliable but also valid. We often think of reliability and validity as separate ideas but, in fact, they're related to each other. A measure can not be valid unless it is reliable, but a reliable measure may not be valid, and 'Reliability is a necessary but not sufficient condition for validity'.

The role of cytokines in the orthodontic tooth movement is considered in the context of inflammation, which occurs at the very beginning of this process as a reaction to the mechanical pressure and represents a necessary precondition for the realization of all its subsequent levels. In the conjunction of mechanical and biological mechanisms, which move the teeth during the orthodontic treatment, cytokines are given great importance for their feature of the transmission of biochemical signals among numerous cells of various kinds reacting to orthodontic forces. Binding themselves to specific receptors at membranes of these cells, cytokines cause in them the biochemical changes responsible for the signal transmission to the corresponding genes in these cells and, consequently, to the change of gene expression in them. This orthodontic tooth movement causes the features of unusually complex processes, whose different degrees-each individually and all together-are regulated by the network of positive and negative feedbacks, in which cytokine molecules act as mutual activators or inhibitors.