Robert C. Hockett

The “software” that structures our financial systems and, through them, the broader economy, is made up of certain basic concepts that guide how we think. These concepts include money, finance, investment, credit, and – above all – capital. This conceptual software manifests itself in our current “operating system” of institutions and practices. But our concepts and the system itself are radically out of date as representations of monetary, financial, productive and distributive reality. Robert Hockett shows that this mismatch has serious consequences and argues that it’s time for a complete overhaul of our economic understanding. The underlying conceptual problem, Hockett contends, is that we miss the extent to which our financial systems are deeply and ineradicably public. Money is an inherent emanation of our basic social contract; capital in turn emerges as almost entirely publicly generated. Our systems of finance and investment must therefore be publicly and democratically determined. Leaving them in the hands of private powers means resigning ourselves to current health and income inequalities, ever-more-frequent financial crises, and economic stagnation and decline – to say nothing of social and political deterioration across the developed world. Lucid and passionately argued, Making Capital Democratic is a seamless blend of philosophy and economics that calls for profound intellectual and institutional changes that would befit a democracy that is democratic in more than just name.

This book provides insight into the history, goals, and potential of the Federal Reserve System (Fed). Synthesizing into a unified vision research and reflections developed over 15 years in the academy and at banking institutions, Robert C. Hockett recovers the sensible founding vision of the early 20th century Fed and updates it to solve the new challenges of the 21st century, especially as America now strives to recover its lost productive preeminence worldwide after decades of "outsourcing" and consequent "deindustrialization." The book presents both the original 1913 Fed and Hockett's modern restored Fed as a unique public/private and federal/local partnership specifically inspired by German industrial development banking and adapted to continent-spanning American conditions. It shows that the original Fed's focus on endogenous money and productive (not speculative) credit allocation was sound and effective as far as it went, while its ignoring exogenous sources of monetary disturbance prevented its properly handling the bubble and bust of the late 1920s and early 1930s. The reaction to that error after the mid-1930s, the book shows, fell into the opposite error, pretending that monetary aggregates could be adequately modulated without being forthrightly allocated in productive rather than speculative directions. A "Goldilocks Fed" must both productively allocate endogenous money and sensibly modulate exogenous money - twin prerequisites to both productive investment and financial stability. Hockett illustrates how the twelve regional Federal Reserve District Banks were founded for just these purposes and can be revitalized to achieve them anew.

This book is the first of its kind in several overlapping and rapidly developing fields that now dominate news headlines – among them the fields of crypto-currency, digital payments platforms, ‘fintech,’ and central bank digital currencies (‘CBDCs’). With crypto and fintech now threatening to transform finance in destabilizing and anti-democratic ways, and with China and other nations now digitizing their national currencies in the form of CBDCs that make the US dollar and national payments infrastructure look ever more quaint and outmoded, this book shows both why the US and other democratic commercial societies must, and how they can, democratically digitize their currencies, their national payments systems, and the authorities that respectively issue and administer them – in the US, the Federal Reserve System (‘the Fed’).

Climate scientists have determined that we must act now to prevent an irreversible and catastrophic climatic tipping point, beyond which neither our own nor many other species can be assumed likely to survive. On the way to that bleak ending, moreover, extreme socio-economic injustice and associated political breakdown—now well underway in nations already hard-hit by environmental crisis—can be expected to hasten as well. The time has thus come to plan carefully, thoroughly, and on a scale commensurate with the crisis we face. This book, written by one of the key architects of the Green New Deal and prefaced by Representative Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez's former Chief of Staff, indicates how to structure Green New Deal finance in a manner that advances the cross-cutting goals of maximum financial and economic inclusion, maximally democratic decision-making, and an appropriate division of roles both among all levels of government and among public and private sector decision-makers. Integrating into one complete and coherent financial architecture such bold ideas as a 'People's Fed,' an interdepartmental National Investment Council, integrated state and regional public banks, a Democratic Digital Dollar and digital Taxpayer Savings and Transaction Accounts made part of the monetary policy transmission belt, and an economy-wide Price Stabilization Fund, this book is critical reading for policymakers and citizens looking for a fresh path forward towards a revived and sustainable, progressive and productive America.

Invertase: A Monograph by Carl Neuberg is a comprehensive book that delves into the properties, functions, and applications of invertase, a crucial enzyme involved in the metabolism of carbohydrates. The book is divided into several chapters, each of which covers a specific aspect of invertase, such as its structure, mechanism of action, and regulation. The author begins by providing a brief overview of the history of invertase research, followed by a detailed description of the enzyme's physical and chemical properties. Neuberg explains how invertase catalyzes the hydrolysis of sucrose into glucose and fructose, and how it is involved in the breakdown of other carbohydrates such as raffinose and stachyose. The book also discusses the various factors that affect invertase activity, including pH, temperature, and substrate concentration. Neuberg highlights the importance of invertase in the food industry, where it is used to produce sweeteners, syrups, and other products. He also explores the potential medical applications of invertase, such as its use in the treatment of diabetes and other metabolic disorders. Overall, Invertase: A Monograph is a valuable resource for researchers, students, and professionals in the fields of biochemistry, food science, and medicine. It provides a thorough understanding of the enzyme's properties and functions, as well as its potential applications in various industries. Sugar Research Foundation, Scientific Report Series, No. 4. This scarce antiquarian book is a facsimile reprint of the old original and may contain some imperfections such as library marks and notations. Because we believe this work is culturally important, we have made it available as part of our commitment for protecting, preserving, and promoting the world's literature in affordable, high quality, modern editions, that are true to their original work.