Saurabh Sonar

Class II malocclusion is among the most usual orthodontic disparity experienced, and it is likely to produce significant negative aesthetic and social effects on children's lives, predispose them to dental trauma or affect their dental health. The widespread presence of Class II division 1 and Class II division 2 in India is 7% and 1.9% respectively, with over 50% of all Class II having a subdivision component. Class II is a compound clinical entity that requires a blend of distinct 3-dimensional skeletal and dental components. Class II malocclusion's are of particular attention to the orthodontists, as they account for a big proportion of patients they attend.

Obstructive sleep Apnoea (OSA) was first described in medical literature in 1965. Obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome (OSAS) is characterized by recurrent episodes of partial or complete upper airway obstruction during sleep. This manifests as a reduction (hypopnoea) or complete cessation (apnoea) of airflow despite ongoing inspiratory efforts resulting in oxygen desaturation and arousals. Daytime symptoms such as excessive sleepiness are thought to be related to sleep disruption (repetitive arousals) and possibly to recurrent hypoxemia. It is a relatively common condition occurring in 2 to 4 % of males and 1 to 2 % of females in middle age. There are many causes of OSA like obesity, age, enlarged tonsils, narrower natural throat form, smoking and alcohol use etc.

Orthodontics, the oldest discipline of dental specialty concerns with the treatment of malocclusion both dental and skeletal. Although etiology of malocclusion is multifactorial, genes do have influence on this condition, beside their role in mechanism of tooth movement and unwanted sequel like external root resorption following orthodontic treatment. This short communication will focus the issue on role of gene in various conditions which have paramount effect either on the etiology of malocclusion or mechanism by which tooth movement occurs. Human genome project and future advancement in genomic medicine will help us in clear identification of conditions causing mutation and the unsolved zigzag puzzle of molecular interaction can be solved.

Orthodontics, the oldest discipline of dental specialty concerns with the treatment of malocclusion both dental and skeletal. Although etiology of malocclusion is multifactorial, genes do have influence on this condition, beside their role in mechanism of tooth movement and unwanted sequel like external root resorption following orthodontic treatment. This short communication will focus the issue on role of gene in various conditions which have paramount effect either on the etiology of malocclusion or mechanism by which tooth movement occurs. Human genome project and future advancement in genomic medicine will help us in clear identification of conditions causing mutation and the unsolved zigzag puzzle of molecular interaction can be solved.

Orthodontic wires, which generate the biomechanical forces communicate through brackets for tooth movement. In the rational selection of wires for a particular treatment, the orthodontist should consider a variety of factors, that includes the amount of force delivery, the elastic range or spring back, formability or ease of manipulation, the need for soldering or welding to assemble an appliance, in vivo corrosion with release of metal ions and the biocompatibility concerns for the patient. To accomplish this objective, four archwire alloys were only available in contemporary orthodontics, that is stainless steel, cobalt chromium, nickel titanium, and beta titanium. Orthodontic wires have evolved from noble metal alloys to the newer esthetic archwires. The choice of most suitable wire for treatment requires adequate knowledge about the biomechanical properties of various orthodontic wires. Research in the field of orthodontic biomaterials have accelerated the development of newer archwire materials with superior quality and biomechanical properties. Here we have discussed about the evolution of archwires and general properties of the wires till date.