Svetlin Georgiev

Chapter 1 represents a short introduction to the theory of iso-probability theory. They are defined iso-probability measure, iso-probability space, random iso-variable of the first, second, third, fourth and fifth kind, iso-expected values, iso-martingales, iso-Brownian motion, iso-Wiener processes, Paley-Wiener-Zygmund integral, Itôs iso-integral, and they are deducted some of their properties. Chapter 2 is devoted on the iso-stochastic differential equations of the first, second and third kind, and for them they are proved the general existence and uniqueness theorems. They are given some methods for solving of some classes iso-stochastic differential equations. Chapter 3 deals with the linear iso-stochastic differential equations. The dependence on parameters and initial data is considered in Chapter 4. In Chapter 5 is investigated the stability of the main classes iso-stochastic differential equations. Iso-Stratonovich iso-integral and its properties are considered in Chapter 6.

This book is intended for readers who have had or currently have a course in difference equations or iso-differential calculus. It can be used for a senior undergraduate course. Chapter 1 deals with the linear first-order iso-difference equations, equilibrium points, eventually equilibrium points, periodic points and cycles. Chapter 2 are introduces iso-difference calculus and the general theory of the linear homogeneous and nonhomogeneous iso-difference equations. Chapter 3 studies the systems of linear iso-difference equations and the linear periodic systems. Chapter 4 is devoted to the stability theory. They are considered the non-autonomous linear systems, Lyapunov's direct method, and stability by linear approximation. Chapter 5 discusses the oscillation theory. The oscillation theory is defined as the iso-self-adjoint second-order iso-difference equations and they are given some of their properties. They are considered some classes of nonlinear iso-difference equations. Chapter 6 studies the asymptotic behavior of some classes of iso-difference equations. Time scales iso-calculus is introduced in Chapter 7. They are given the main properties of the backward and forward jump iso-operators. They are considered the iso-differentiation and iso-integration. They are introduced as the iso-Hilger's complex plane and the iso-exponential function.

The 'genious idea' is the Santilli's generalisation of the basic unit of quantum mechanics into an integro-differential operator. This depends on local variables, and it is assumed to be the inverse of the isotopic element (the Santilli isounit). It was believed for centuries that the differential calculus is independent of the assumed basic unit, since the latter was traditionally given by the trivial number 1. Santilli has disproved this belief by showing that the differential calculus can be dependent on the assumed unit by formulating the isodifferential calculus with basic isodifferential. In this book, the authors introduce the main definitions and properties of isonumbers, isofunctions and isodifferentials. The book is provided with examples and exercises making it suitable for an introductory one- or two-semester undergraduate course on some of the major aspects of isodifferential calculus. Alternatively, it may be used for beginning graduate level course and as a reference work. With exercises at the end of each chapter and its straightforward writing style, the book addresses readers who have no prior knowledge on this subject but have a basic background in graduate mathematics courses, such as theory of functions and differential calculus.

Real quaternion analysis is a multi-faceted subject. Created to describe phenomena in special relativity, electrodynamics, spin etc., it has developed into a body of material that interacts with many branches of mathematics, such as complex analysis, harmonic analysis, differential geometry, and differential equations. It is also a ubiquitous factor in the description and elucidation of problems in mathematical physics. In the meantime real quaternion analysis has become a well established branch in mathematics and has been greatly successful in many different directions. This book is based on concrete examples and exercises rather than general theorems, thus making it suitable for an introductory one- or two-semester undergraduate course on some of the major aspects of real quaternion analysis in exercises. Alternatively, it may be used for beginning graduate level courses and as a reference work. With exercises at the end of each chapter and its straightforward writing style thebook addresses readers who have no prior knowledge on this subject but have a basic background in graduate mathematics courses, such as real and complex analysis, ordinary differential equations, partial differential equations, and theory of distributions.