Syed Jawad Ahmad Shah

Crude oil is composed of several compounds, such as aliphatic, aromatic and polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), and also sulfur, oxygen, and nitrogen-containing compounds. PAH compounds are toxic and can be carcinogenic. Oil waste management in oil refineries needs to be focused on diminishing waste and selecting suitable strategies in order to prevent soil damage for raising crops and other agricultural purposes. In this study, several bacterial isolates were collected from PAH contaminated soil and were cultured in the presence of kerosene, diesel and petrol. Only two bacterial sp. Rhodococcus and Staph aureus degraded kerosene and may be used to reclaim oil spills for agricultural soils.

Sarna da ma , causada pelo agente patog nico f ngico Venturia inaequalis (Cke.) Wint. (anamorph Spilocaea pomi Fr.), uma das principais doen as que afectam as ma s cultivadas em climas temperados de todo o mundo, incluindo o Paquist o. Esta doen a pode ter um impacto econ mico significativo, uma vez que as frutas doentes n o s o comercializ veis. A doen a descontrolada resulta na redu o da qualidade e quantidade de frutos ou na quase completa devasta o da cultura da ma . Os ataques severos de sarna tiveram um efeito negativo na viabilidade das rvores no ano seguinte, devido menor actividade fotossint tica das folhas, forma o de menos bot es e folhas, queda de mais folhas e ao efeito debilitante da sarna no crescimento normal da madeira, necess rio para obter altos rendimentos. O Baluchist o e Khyber Pakhtunkhwa o principal contribuinte da produ o de ma no Paquist o. As t cnicas de manejo de pomares, como o controle de folhagem, podem reduzir o in culo prim rio, mas geralmente n o s o suficientes para controlar a sarna da ma , e podem ser necess rias aplica es de 18-25 fungicidas por esta o. As informa es sobre epidemiologia e controle de pat genos dispon veis para os produtores de ma s para o controle sustent vel da sarna s o em grande parte desconhecidas e precisam ser tratadas.

Parch jabloni, powodowany przez patogen grzybowy Venturia inaequalis (Cke.) Wint. (anamorf Spilocaea pomi Fr.), jest gl wną chorobą atakującą jablka uprawiane w klimacie umiarkowanym na calym świecie, w tym w Pakistanie. Choroba ta może miec znaczące skutki gospodarcze, ponieważ chore owoce nie nadają się do sprzedaży. Niekontrolowana choroba prowadzi do obniżenia jakości i ilości owoc w lub prawie calkowitego zniszczenia upraw jablek. Poważne ataki parcha jabloni mialy negatywny wplyw na żywotnośc drzew w następnym roku ze względu na niższą aktywnośc fotosyntetyczną liści, mniejszą liczbę zawiązk w owoc w i tworzących się liści, większą liczbę opadlych liści oraz fakt, że parch jabloni mial r wnież oslabiający wplyw na normalny wzrost drewna niezbędny do uzyskania wysokich plon w. Baluchistan i Khyber Pakhtunkhwa są gl wnymi producentami jablek w Pakistanie. Techniki prowadzenia sadu, takie jak zwalczanie ści lki liściowej, mogą ograniczyc pierwotne inokulum, ale zwykle nie są wystarczające do zwalczania parcha jabloni i może byc wymagane nawet 18-25 zastosowań fungicyd w w sezonie. Informacje dotyczące epidemiologii patogenu i jego zwalczania dostępne dla producent w jablek w celu trwalego zwalczania parcha jabloni są w dużej mierze nieznane i należy się nimi zając.

La scabbia del melo, causata dal patogeno fungino Venturia inaequalis (Cke.) Wint. (anamorfo Spilocaea pomi Fr.), una delle principali malattie che colpiscono le mele coltivate nei climi temperati di tutto il mondo, compreso il Pakistan. Questa malattia pu avere un impatto economico significativo in quanto i frutti malati non sono commerciabili. La malattia incontrollata porta alla riduzione della qualit e della quantit dei frutti o alla quasi completa devastazione del raccolto di mele. Gravi attacchi di ticchiolatura hanno avuto un effetto negativo sulla vitalit degli alberi l'anno successivo, a causa di una minore attivit fotosintetica delle foglie, della formazione di un minor numero di gemme di frutta e di foglie, della caduta di un maggior numero di foglie e che la ticchiolatura ha anche avuto un effetto debilitante sulla normale crescita del legno necessaria per ottenere rese elevate. Il Baluchistan e il Khyber Pakhtunkhwa sono i principali produttori di mele in Pakistan. Le tecniche di gestione del frutteto, come il controllo della lettiera fogliare, possono ridurre l'inoculo primario ma di solito non sono sufficienti per controllare la ticchiolatura del melo, e possono essere necessarie fino a 18-25 applicazioni di fungicidi per stagione. Le informazioni riguardanti l'epidemiologia del patogeno e il controllo a disposizione dei coltivatori di mele per un controllo sostenibile della ticchiolatura sono in gran parte sconosciute e devono essere affrontate.

Apple scab, caused by the fungal pathogen Venturia inaequalis (Cke.) Wint. (anamorph Spilocaea pomi Fr.), is a major disease affecting apples grown in temperate climates around the world including Pakistan. This disease can have a significant economic impact as diseased fruit are not marketable. The uncontrolled disease results in the reduction of fruit quality and quantity or almost complete devastation of apple crop. Severe attacks of scab had a negative effect on tree viability the following year, due to lower leaf photosynthetic activity, fewer fruit buds and leaves being formed, more leaves being dropped and that scab also had a debilitating effect on normal wood growth needed for high yields. Baluchistan and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa is the key contributor of apple production in Pakistan. Orchard management techniques, such as leaf litter control, can reduce primary inoculum but usually are not sufficient to control apple scab, and as many as 18-25 fungicide applications per season may be required. Information regarding pathogen epidemiology and control available to apple growers for the sustainable control of scab is largely unknown and needs to be addressed.

Eco-system is greatly affecting due to the frequent use of chemical pesticides. The best option for controlling plant diseases is the use of natural products. Botanicals may provide an eco-friendly solution to the environmental problems caused by synthetic chemical pesticides. In current research nematicidal potential of different parts of Asphodelus tenuifolius (onion weed) were explored using chromatography and tested against eggs and juveniles of root knot nematode in vivo and in vitro. Thin layer chromatography showed that n-hexane fraction of Ashpdelus tenuifolius crude extract contained eight bioactive compounds which reduced egg hatching and increased juvenile's mortality. Dried powder and green manure of all parts of Asphodelus tenuifolius was more effective in managing Meloidogyne javanica and enhanced plant growth. Green manure of Asphodelus tenuifolius applied before transplanting of tomato seedlings were very effective in increasing tomato plant growth and reduction of root knot nematode population.