Vaclav Brezina

A Frequency Dictionary of Multi-Word Expressions in British English presents 5,000 of the most common multi-word expressions (MWEs) in contemporary British English, based on data from the British National Corpus 2014. Organized into ten functional categories—including idioms, phrasal verbs, collocations, and academic or speech formulas—the dictionary provides detailed frequency, dispersion, and association metrics for each entry. Visual aids such as collocation graphs, sparklines and thematic boxes support comprehension and practical use. It is a comprehensive, research-based resource for understanding and using natural, high-frequency expressions in spoken and written English. Additional support materials for this book are available at https://lancslex.lancaster.ac.uk . Designed for learners, educators, and researchers, the dictionary highlights real-world phraseology across genres and registers.

A Frequency Dictionary of Multi-Word Expressions in British English presents 5,000 of the most common multi-word expressions (MWEs) in contemporary British English, based on data from the British National Corpus 2014. Organized into ten functional categories—including idioms, phrasal verbs, collocations, and academic or speech formulas—the dictionary provides detailed frequency, dispersion, and association metrics for each entry. Visual aids such as collocation graphs, sparklines and thematic boxes support comprehension and practical use. It is a comprehensive, research-based resource for understanding and using natural, high-frequency expressions in spoken and written English. Additional support materials for this book are available at https://lancslex.lancaster.ac.uk . Designed for learners, educators, and researchers, the dictionary highlights real-world phraseology across genres and registers.

Macrocyclic oxoporphyrinogen molecules combine the ability to form strong supramolecular complexes with organic compounds and the ability to absorb light. These properties allow high-sensitivity colorimetric detection of acids in solution in the presence of oxoporphyrinogen. Moreover, protonated oxoporphyrinogens show various molecular dynamic processes on the millisecond timescale. This book offers deep analyses of colorimetric, binding and kinetic properties of oxoporphyrinogen-acid complexes. A detailed introduction is given for: theory of supramolecular binding and chemical kinetics; NMR spectroscopy with emphasis on multi-state chemical exchange including derivation of analytical spectral lineshapes; UV/vis spectroscopy and analysis of UV/vis spectra, using singular value decomposition (SVD). Implementation of the derived models in Mathematica is also provided. The experimental part addresses SVD analysis of UV/vis spectra illuminating the effect of protonation on various oxoporphyrinogen derivatives and explaining the colorimetric response. Furthermore, analysis of chemical exchange lineshapes offers insight into the dynamic processes present in protonated oxoporphyrinogens. The various models and techniques described in this book are widely applicable for other systems.

How might evidence of language use – writing and speech – be used as a way of studying language? Corpus linguistics is the study of linguistic data from a particular language or set of languages. It is a fast-moving approach to studying language, and there is still a degree of divergence in how research questions are approached using corpus data. This book uses a framework, based on the work of Karl Popper, to explore a number of fundamental issues in corpus linguistics. It critically evaluates how these issues are tackled, and proposes a set of best practices for future research. It spells out why using corpus data is valuable, what we can learn from using it, and how we may most effectively progress our understanding of language by using such data. It is essential reading for researchers and students of language in general, and of applied linguistics and English language in particular.

A Frequency Dictionary of British English provides information about the frequency and distribution of words in British English. The dictionary presents rich information about word frequencies and distributions in an accessible manner. In addition to textual and numerical information, the dictionary offers a range of visualisations to help understand the statistical properties of words. These visualisations are especially important for pedagogical uses of the book. This book also includes vocabulary exercises for learners of English to activate their vocabulary with the help of the dictionary. The dictionary is based on extensive research on current British English using the British National Corpus 2014, a 100-million-word corpus of contemporary British English developed at Lancaster University. The corpus represents a wide range of genres/registers of spoken and written English, including informal speech, fiction, newspapers, academic writing and e-language. Additional support materials for this book are available at https://lancslex.lancs.ac.uk This dictionary is designed to meet the needs of a wide variety of users interested in current British English vocabulary including students, educators, journalists, material developers and researchers.

A Frequency Dictionary of British English provides information about the frequency and distribution of words in British English. The dictionary presents rich information about word frequencies and distributions in an accessible manner. In addition to textual and numerical information, the dictionary offers a range of visualisations to help understand the statistical properties of words. These visualisations are especially important for pedagogical uses of the book. This book also includes vocabulary exercises for learners of English to activate their vocabulary with the help of the dictionary. The dictionary is based on extensive research on current British English using the British National Corpus 2014, a 100-million-word corpus of contemporary British English developed at Lancaster University. The corpus represents a wide range of genres/registers of spoken and written English, including informal speech, fiction, newspapers, academic writing and e-language. Additional support materials for this book are available at https://lancslex.lancs.ac.uk This dictionary is designed to meet the needs of a wide variety of users interested in current British English vocabulary including students, educators, journalists, material developers and researchers.

How might evidence of language use – writing and speech – be used as a way of studying language? Corpus linguistics is the study of linguistic data from a particular language or set of languages. It is a fast-moving approach to studying language, and there is still a degree of divergence in how research questions are approached using corpus data. This book uses a framework, based on the work of Karl Popper, to explore a number of fundamental issues in corpus linguistics. It critically evaluates how these issues are tackled, and proposes a set of best practices for future research. It spells out why using corpus data is valuable, what we can learn from using it, and how we may most effectively progress our understanding of language by using such data. It is essential reading for researchers and students of language in general, and of applied linguistics and English language in particular.

Do you use language corpora in your research or study, but find that you struggle with statistics? This practical introduction will equip you to understand the key principles of statistical thinking and apply these concepts to your own research, without the need for prior statistical knowledge. The book gives step-by-step guidance through the process of statistical analysis and provides multiple examples of how statistical techniques can be used to analyse and visualise linguistic data. It also includes a useful selection of discussion questions and exercises which you can use to check your understanding. The book comes with a Companion website, which provides additional materials (answers to exercises, datasets, advanced materials, teaching slides etc.) and Lancaster Stats Tools online (http://corpora.lancs.ac.uk/stats), a free click-and-analyse statistical tool for easy calculation of the statistical measures discussed in the book.

Do you use language corpora in your research or study, but find that you struggle with statistics? This practical introduction will equip you to understand the key principles of statistical thinking and apply these concepts to your own research, without the need for prior statistical knowledge. The book gives step-by-step guidance through the process of statistical analysis and provides multiple examples of how statistical techniques can be used to analyse and visualise linguistic data. It also includes a useful selection of discussion questions and exercises which you can use to check your understanding. The book comes with a Companion website, which provides additional materials (answers to exercises, datasets, advanced materials, teaching slides etc.) and Lancaster Stats Tools online (http://corpora.lancs.ac.uk/stats), a free click-and-analyse statistical tool for easy calculation of the statistical measures discussed in the book.