Vijay Kale

Cebola (Allium cepa L.) 2n=16. uma planta altamente polinizada, bienal para a produ o de sementes e anual para a produ o de bolbos, pertencente fam lia Alliaceae. A cebola um dos produtos hort colas mais importantes e cultivada em todo o mundo ao ar livre. Tornou-se uma importante cultura comercial devido sua rea, produ o e consumo. Durante as ltimas d cadas, o conhecimento e a compreens o de v rios aspectos da produ o vegetal t m sido objeto de enormes desenvolvimentos, tendo sido produzida diversa literatura. Para melhorar o rendimento e a qualidade dos bolbos atrav s da sele o de melhores variedades, a informa o sobre a natureza e a magnitude da variabilidade do rendimento e de outros caracteres presentes na popula o devido a causas gen ticas e n o gen ticas desempenha um papel importante e, como tal, um pr -requisito para qualquer programa de melhoramento sistem tico. O rendimento das culturas, sendo complexo por natureza, depende em grande medida dos caracteres que o constituem e das suas interac es. O conhecimento da associa o destes caracteres com o rendimento ser mais til para planear as estrat gias de sele o para melhorar o rendimento. Ao longo deste livro s o discutidas muitas ideias e problemas para ajudar os estudantes e investigadores.

Oignon (Allium cepa L.) 2n=16. Il s'agit d'une plante forte pollinisation crois e, bisannuelle pour la production de semences et annuelle pour la production de bulbes, appartenant la famille des Alliac es. L'oignon est l'un des l gumes les plus importants et il est cultiv en plein air dans le monde entier. Il est devenu une culture commerciale importante en raison de sa superficie, de sa production et de sa consommation. Au cours des derni res d cennies, des d veloppements consid rables ont contribu la connaissance et la compr hension de divers aspects de la production v g tale et de nombreuses publications ont t produites. Pour am liorer le rendement et la qualit des bulbes par la s lection de meilleures vari t s, les informations sur la nature et l'ampleur de la variabilit du rendement et d'autres caract res pr sents dans la population en raison de causes g n tiques et non g n tiques jouent un r le important et constituent donc une condition pr alable tout programme de s lection syst matique. Le rendement d'une culture, de nature complexe, d pend largement des caract res qui y contribuent et de leurs interactions. La connaissance de l'association de ces caract res avec le rendement sera plus utile pour planifier les strat gies de s lection en vue d'am liorer le rendement. Ce livre aborde de nombreuses id es et probl mes afin d'aider les tudiants et les chercheurs.

Onion (Allium cepa L.) 2n=16. It is a highly cross-pollinated, biennial for seed production and annual for bulb production, belonging to family Alliaceae. Onion is one of the most important vegetables and grown worldwide under outdoor condition. It has become an important commercial crop because of its area, production and consumption. During the past few decades tremendous developments have contributed to the knowledge and understanding of various aspects of crop production and various literatures has been generated. To improve the bulb yield and quality through selection of better varieties, the information on the nature and magnitude of variability for yield and other characters present in the population owing to its genetic and non-genetic causes play an important role and as such it is a pre-requisite for any systematic breeding programme. The crop yield being complex in nature depends largely on its contributing characters and their interactions. Knowledge on association of these traits with yield will be more useful to plan the selection strategies for improving the yield. With going this book many ideas and problems are discussed to help out the students, research workers.

The improvement in garlic was attempted for higher yield, better quality and storability in India and world. For successful improvement in any crop the knowledge of its genetic nature is important. Garlic is a sterile diploid (2n=2x=16). Since it is a clonally propagated crop, less variability exists. In consequence garlic breeding has been limited to the selection through the pre-existing genetic variability and increase in garlic variability was attempted via mutation breeding and in-vitro techniques. So, it was important to induce variability through mutation. Various physical and chemical mutagens are used to induce mutations in plants. In all cases, an effective mass propagation system is needed for multiplication of selected elite material for commercial purposes. This book is help out the students, research workers and biotechnologists.

Die Tomate (Solanum lycopersicum L.) geh rt zur Familie der Nachtschattengew chse und hat eine Chromosomenzahl von 2n=24. Der Gesamtd ngerverbrauch in Indien steigt von Jahr zu Jahr. In Anbetracht der steigenden Nachfrage nach biologischen Lebensmitteln und um die Umweltzerst rung durch den Einsatz von chemischen D ngemitteln einzud mmen, ist es notwendig, den Einsatz von organischen D ngemitteln und Biod ngern mit chemischen D ngemitteln zu kombinieren. Die Hybridtomate spricht gut auf D ngemittel an. In den letzten Jahren nimmt die Anbaufl che von Hybriden jedes Jahr zu, und die Hybriden reagieren besser auf D ngemittel. Daher ist die D ngerdosis bei Hybridtomaten 2,5 Mal so hoch wie bei herk mmlichen Sorten, was zu Problemen mit der Bodengesundheit f hren kann. Ein integriertes System der Pflanzenn hrstoffversorgung f rdert die Integration verschiedener N hrstoffquellen wie organische, biologische und anorganische D ngemittel usw. Der integrierte Einsatz von N hrstoffen kann dazu beitragen, den potenziellen Sortenertrag mit Qualit t zu erzielen. Der Einsatz von organischen und biologischen D ngemitteln in Kombination mit anorganischen D ngemitteln kann dazu beitragen, die Kosten f r den Anbau zu senken und die Bodengesundheit zu erhalten.

Il pomodoro (Solanum lycopersicum L.) appartiene alla famiglia delle solanacee con numero di cromosomi (2n=24). Il consumo totale di fertilizzanti in India in aumento ogni anno. Pertanto, considerando la crescente domanda di alimenti biologici e per controllare il deterioramento ambientale dovuto all'uso di fertilizzanti chimici, necessario integrare l'uso di fertilizzanti organici e biofertilizzanti con i fertilizzanti chimici. Il pomodoro ibrido risponde bene ai fertilizzanti. Negli ultimi anni la superficie coltivata a ibridi in aumento ogni anno e gli ibridi sono pi sensibili ai fertilizzanti. Per questo motivo, la dose di fertilizzante del pomodoro ibrido 2,5 volte superiore a quella delle variet semplici; un'applicazione cos pesante pu portare a problemi di salute del suolo. Il sistema integrato di approvvigionamento di nutrienti per le piante incoraggia l'integrazione di diverse fonti di nutrienti, come i fertilizzanti organici, biologici e inorganici, ecc. L'uso integrato dei nutrienti pu aiutare a raggiungere la resa varietale potenziale e la qualit . L'uso di fertilizzanti organici e biologici in combinazione con i fertilizzanti inorganici pu contribuire a ridurre i costi di coltivazione e a sostenere la salute del suolo.

La tomate (Solanum lycopersicum L.) appartient la famille des solanac es et poss de un nombre de chromosomes (2n=24). La consommation totale d'engrais en Inde augmente chaque ann e. Ainsi, compte tenu de la demande croissante d'aliments biologiques et pour contr ler la d t rioration de l'environnement due l'utilisation d'engrais chimiques, il est n cessaire d'int grer l'utilisation d'engrais organiques et d'engrais biologiques aux engrais chimiques. La tomate hybride r pond bien aux engrais. Ces derni res ann es, la surface cultiv e en hybrides a augment chaque ann e et les hybrides sont plus sensibles aux engrais. Par cons quent, la dose d'engrais de la tomate hybride est 2,5 fois sup rieure celle des vari t s droites, une application aussi importante peut entra ner des probl mes de sant du sol. Le syst me int gr d'approvisionnement en nutriments pour les plantes encourage l'int gration de diff rentes sources de nutriments telles que les engrais organiques, biologiques et inorganiques, etc. L'utilisation int gr e des nutriments peut aider atteindre le rendement vari tal potentiel avec la qualit . L'utilisation d'engrais organiques, d'engrais biologiques et d'une combinaison d'engrais inorganiques peut aider r duire le co t de la culture et maintenir la sant du sol.

O tomate (Solanum lycopersicum L.) pertence fam lia Solanaceae com n mero de cromossomas (2n=24). O consumo total de fertilizantes na ndia tem vindo a aumentar todos os anos. Assim, tendo em considera o a crescente procura de alimentos org nicos e para verificar a deteriora o ambiental devido utiliza o de fertilizantes qu micos, h necessidade de integrar a utiliza o de fertilizantes org nicos e bio fertilizantes com fertilizantes qu micos. O tomate h brido d uma boa resposta aos fertilizantes. Nos ltimos anos, a rea sob h bridos est a aumentar todos os anos e os h bridos s o mais reactivos aos fertilizantes. Portanto, a dose de fertilizante do tomate h brido 2,5 vezes superior das variedades rectas, uma aplica o t o pesada pode levar a problemas de sa de do solo. O sistema integrado de fornecimento de nutrientes vegetais incentiva a integra o de diferentes fontes de nutrientes, tais como fertilizantes org nicos, biol gicos e inorg nicos, etc. A utiliza o integrada de nutrientes pode ajudar a atingir o potencial de rendimento varietal com qualidade. A utiliza o de fertilizantes org nicos, bio fertilizantes com combina o de fertilizantes inorg nicos pode ajudar a reduzir o custo do cultivo e ser uma ajuda plena para sustentar a sa de do solo.

Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) belongs to family solanaceae having chromosome number (2n=24). Total fertilizer consumption in India has been increasing every year. Thus taking into consideration the increasing demand for organic food and to check environmental deterioration due to use of chemical fertilizers, there is need to integrate use of organic fertilizers and bio fertilizers with chemical fertilizers. The hybrid tomato gives well response to fertilizers. In recent years the area under hybrids is increasing every year and hybrids are more fertilizer responsive. Therefore the fertilizer dose of hybrid tomato is 2.5 times more than the straight varieties, such heavy application may lead to soil health problems. Integrated plant nutrient supply system encourages integration of different sources of nutrients such as organic, biological and inorganic fertilizers etc. The integrated use of nutrients can helps to achieve the potential varietal yield with quality. The use of organic fertilizers, bio fertilizers with combination of inorganic fertilizers can helps to reduce the cost of cultivation and will be help full to sustain the soil health.