Wei Zhou

This book focuses on validation and reconstruction work on the land surface temperature (LST) products retrieved by thermal infrared remote sensing. The LST is a key parameter in the energy-water balance process and has been widely used in research on the global climate change, water cycle, vegetation growing, and drought detection. Remote sensing retrieving LST is the most important source for regional and even global application. However, there are several factors that limited their widespread use: (1) the thermal infrared remote sensing is easily influenced by clouds; therefore, there are lots of pixel with invalid LST; (2) LST products have not been sufficiently validated in global scale. This book arms to overcome above defects and guide the readers to estimate the LST of cloudy pixel and implement the general validation on the remote sensing LST. Furthermore, it helps to understand the scale mismatch between different observation and land surface heterogeneity. The book covers ground-based observation, validation and reconstruction theories, scale mismatch analysis, heterogeneity and representativeness evaluation for observations, and application cases. It is an essential reference to the quantitative retrieval of thermal infrared remote sensing technologies.

This book introduces various kinds of high-precision measurements, including the measurements of time and space, digital activity, border sensors and other physical quantities. Further, it demonstrates how to eliminate the quantitative errors believed to be the main problem in measurements using the border effect. In metrology technology, detection resolution is crucial to improving measurement precision in devices and instruments, and since the resolution is limited, a fuzzy area is usually found during detection. As such the book presents numerous experimental findings showing that the measurement precision can be improved by two or three orders of magnitude compared to traditional methods by achieving stability of resolution and more accurately detecting the border of the fuzzy area.

This book focuses on grassland ecosystem evaluation including vegetation coverage, net primary productivity, carbon sink accounting, and grassland degradation evaluation based on mutual data resource, ecosystem model simulation, remote sensing monitoring and driving mechanism exploration. It aims to provide a guide seeking to understand the overall situation of grassland in China in the context of global climate change and build a scenario for the driving force quantitative evaluation. It will be an essential reference to the terrestrial ecosystem carbon cycle and degraded grassland ecological restoration engineer implementation. Chapters are carefully developed to cover (1) situation of grassland in China; (2) spatial-temporal of grassland coverage in China;(3) net primary productivity evaluation; (4) carbon sink/source accounting and its carbon-hydrology effect;(5) grassland landscape pattern; (6) grassland degradation evaluation based on remote sensing;(7) Grassland degradation restoration and constructing green ecological protective screen. The new scenario and driving mechanism evaluation model make this book a valuable read for researcher of land ecosystem carbon cycle, ecosytem degradation remote sensing evaluation as well as organizations engaged in eco-restoration practices.

This book describes five qualitative investment decision-making methods based on the hesitant fuzzy information. They are: (1) the investment decision-making method based on the asymmetric hesitant fuzzy sigmoid preference relations, (2) the investment decision-making method based on the hesitant fuzzy trade-off and portfolio selection, (3) the investment decision-making method based on the hesitant fuzzy preference envelopment analysis, (4) the investment decision-making method based on the hesitant fuzzy peer-evaluation and strategy fusion, and (5) the investment decision-making method based on the EHVaR measurement and tail analysis.

There are five different types of eye movements: saccades, smooth pursuit, vestibular ocular eye movements, optokinetic eye movements, and vergence eye movements. The purpose of this book is focused primarily on mathematical models of the horizontal saccadic eye movement system and the smooth pursuit system, rather than on how visual information is processed. A saccade is a fast eye movement used to acquire a target by placing the image of the target on the fovea. Smooth pursuit is a slow eye movement used to track a target as it moves by keeping the target on the fovea. The vestibular ocular movement is used to keep the eyes on a target during brief head movements. The optokinetic eye movement is a combination of saccadic and slow eye movements that keeps a full-field image stable on the retina during sustained head rotation. Each of these movements is a conjugate eye movement, that is, movements of both eyes together driven by a common neural source. A vergence movement is a non-conjugate eye movement allowing the eyes to track targets as they come closer or farther away. In this book, a 2009 version of a state-of-the-art model is presented for horizontal saccades that is 3rd-order and linear, and controlled by a physiologically based time-optimal neural network. The oculomotor plant and saccade generator are the basic elements of the saccadic system. The control of saccades is initiated by the superior colliculus and terminated by the cerebellar fastigial nucleus, and involves a complex neural circuit in the mid brain. This book is the second part of a book series on models of horizontal eye movements. Table of Contents: 2009 Linear Homeomorphic Saccadic Eye Movement Model and Post-Saccade Behavior: Dynamic and Glissadic Overshoot / Neural Network for the Saccade Controller

This book examines the role of language in the modernisation of Xizang, the evolution of Tibetan language studies and changes to China’s ethnic language policies. Based on fieldwork and policy analysis, it provides a comprehensive and accessible account of the linguistic landscape of Xizang, situated within its social, cultural, and historical context. The author examines daily language use in urban and rural settings, provides a clear overview of Tibetan language education at different levels of schooling, and investigates bilingualism in Lhasa. The research shows that language policies and practices are evolving in tandem with the region’s modernisation. The book will appeal to researchers and students of sociolinguistics, Tibetan studies, and language policy, as well as to general readers who wish to gain an understanding of the intersection between language and everyday life and social development in the region.