Yan Shen

Be prepared for exam day with Barron’s. Trusted content from AP experts! Barron’s AP Chinese Language and Culture Premium, Fourth Edition includes in-depth content review and practice as well as online audio. It’s the only book you’ll need to be prepared for exam day. Written by Experienced EducatorsLearn from Barron’s--all content is written and reviewed by AP expertsBuild your understanding with comprehensive review and practice tailored to the most recent examGet a leg up with tips, strategies, and study advice for exam day--it’s like having a trusted tutor by your sideBe Confident on Exam DaySharpen your test-taking skills with 2 full-length practice tests, plus detailed answer explanations for all questionsBoost your confidence by reviewing skills and learning strategies for all sections of the exam, including Listening Comprehension, Reading Comprehension, Writing Skills, and Speaking SkillsPractice answering question types from each section of the exam, all of which are grouped according to the 6 units of the latest AP Chinese Language and Culture course and examStrengthen your knowledge with important cultural notes for each unit as well as a detailed grammar reviewRobust Online AudioSimulate the exam experience by listening to authentic online audio for all Listening and Speaking sectionsDeepen your understanding by either listening to the audio on its own or following along with the clear audioscripts throughout the book

The purpose of the paper is to reveal the influence of organizational identification (OI) on OCB directed toward organization (OCB-O) and OCB directed toward individuals (OCB-I), and explore the differences of the moderating effects of supervisors' ratings of leader-member exchange quality (LMX-L) and subordinates' ratings of LMX quality (LMX-S) in the process. Based on social exchange theory, this study took administrative staff of private small and medium enterprises in China as population. Paired samples design was used, and 437 valid paired-samples were collected finally. Data analyses were conducted by using structural equation modeling. OI indicated a positive influence on both OCB-O and OCB-I. LMX-L and LMX-S were not in one same direction and shred different moderating levels. LMX-L had no significant effects on the relationship between OI and OCB-O, nor did on the relationship between OI and OCB-I. While LMX-S strengthened both the positive relationship between OI and OCB-O, and the positive relationship between OI and OCB-I.