A. K. Haghi

A Smart City is an urban area in which digital technology is used to connect the infrastructure and services to improve the efficiency of the city’s operations and the quality of life of its population in terms of mobility, energy, security, housing, and more. This book describes the systems and the infrastructure requirements of smart cities and explores how the integration of the Green Internet of Things (G-IoT) and Artificial Intelligence (AI) help improve the efficiency and safety of cities’ systems, as well as reduce costs. The book provides useful information for researchers, policymakers, urban planners, and technology leaders.

Solar energy is considered one of the most important forms of renewable energy. Silicon solar cells are commonly used in the photovoltaic industry, but their higher production costs and complicated fabrication processes make them less affordable. Various other technologies, such as perovskite solar cells and dye-sensitized solar cells, are also emerging. Among these, perovskite solar cells are promising type of solar cells, offering comparable efficiency to that of silicon solar cells, at significantly lower costs. However, one of the drawbacks of perovskite solar cells is their relatively short lifespan, which limits their applications. Researchers are actively working to improve both the lifetime and efficiency of perovskite solar cells. This book begins by covering the basics of solar energy and the principles and different types of solar cells. The focus is then put on perovskite solar cells, how they work, their advantages and challenges, and what sets them apart from other solar cells. Device fabrication techniques and recent advancements in the field are discusses next, finishing up with a look into the future of solar cell technology.

Superheated steam (SHS) drying has emerged as a transformative technique in food processing and fulfills the need for technologies that reduce environmental impact while preserving the quality, safety, and nutritional value of food. Superheated steam drying is oxygen-free, energy efficient, minimizes oxidative degradation and enhances product quality. This book is a comprehensive exploration of SHS drying technology, highlighting its scientific principles, engineering components, and broad applications across food and biological materials. It bridges the gap between theory and practice. Inside this book, you will also find: In-depth explanations and visual aids along with numerous explanatory figures accompany detailed discussions on key concepts, making complex ideas accessible and understandable. The standard and advanced protective measures, thorough risk assessment methodologies to ensure the safety and reliability of SHS drying systems.

This book tries to discover how using nano-designed materials might increase the performance and sustainability of existing green energy systems. The book covers a wide range of subjects reflecting the most recent developments and new trends in the industry, including: Synthesis, the electronic layout, green design, and work in energy storage and production are described for carbon nanomaterials in the scope of green energy systems. Since carbon nanostructures are essential parts of fuel cells, quantifying their environmental impact offers useful information. Advanced nanomaterials for lithium-ion batteries: progress in developing nanomaterials to enhance how well lithium-ion batteries work and how far they can be advanced. Studies on nanoengineered materials for solar cells: developing and making different designs for nano-enabled solar panels, looking at their benefits, weaknesses, and possible advances. Apart from discussing main concepts and synthesis methods, this book will underline how CNTs are applied in modern energy technologies. It is important to solve the issues related to the environment, the ability to make those materials in large quantities, and how long the materials will last. With the help of nanoengineering, this book seeks to boost the growth of energy solutions that are energy-efficient, affordable, and environmentally responsible, therefore adding to the worldwide job of promoting green energy technology.

Carbon nanotubes (CNTs), tubes of nanometer diameter, have exceptional properties and promising technological applications including in electronics.

This book is a comprehensive analysis of lithium-ion battery (LIB) technologies. LIBs are one of the most advanced rechargeable batteries available and have garnered significant interest while being the preferred mobile power source for portable electronics while also being widely used across various industries. Combining cutting-edge research with practical insights, it provides an analysis of LIB development, including cathode/anode materials, electrolytes, and separators. It covers Li-ion variants such as LCO, NMC, LFP, LMO, NCA and delves into energy density, cycle life, and safety mechanisms. By discussing topics such as solid-state batteries, silicon anodes, and advanced Li-S/Li-air systems as well as thermal management, degradation, and recycling challenges, this book is essential reading for researchers in electrochemistry, materials science, and energy storage engineering. This is a thorough overview of the development of lithium-ion technologies and the many kinds of LIBs. New advancements and technical issues about next-generation secondary battery systems are also discussed.

This is an overview of the principles and practical applications of small-scale hydropower and energy recovery using water hammer effects. It offers new insights for engineers, technicians, and students alike, bridging the gap between theory and practice. The book shows that the excessive working pressure of water transmission lines has led to an increase in water accidents and water loss and how this excessive pressure of water can be converted to electrical power. Inside this book, you will also find: In-depth explanations and visual aids along with numerous explanatory figures. Detailed discussions on key concepts, making complex ideas accessible and understandable. The standard and advanced protective measures, and thorough risk assessment methodologies to ensure the safety and reliability of hydropower systems. The hydraulic analysis, based on the simulation of Hammer, Fluent, Gambit, and ANSYS Meshing software by selecting the most suitable location for installing the hydro generator for dumping the excessive working pressure. Practical advice through networked sensors, and the Internet of Things (IoT) on effectively controlling water excessive working pressure and how to convert this pressure to electricity power in a district metering area (DMA).

The current issues of water security, economic efficiency and environmental protection worldwide along with the issue of loss control in water distribution networks are becoming increasingly important. It is important to note that both technical and economic aspects should be closely considered in the context of water losses, especially in situations of water scarcity or rapid growth in water demand. This volume bridges the gap between theory and practice by presenting the practical applications of IoT devices, sensors, and cloud-based platforms to collect, process, and analyze data. This information was used for regression analysis which investigated dependent variables such as water saving (m³), the flow interred network (m3), and independent variables such as water average pressure, which led to water saving. Inside this book, you will also find: Explanatory figures that accompany detailed discussions on key concepts, making complex ideas accessible and understandable. The standard measures to ensure the safety and reliability of water systems. Practical advice through networked sensors, and the intelligent water monitoring IoT system.

Ionic liquids are organic salts that are typically in liquid phase when their temperature is below 100 °C (212 °F).

The textile industry is a major environmental polluter. Despite some progress in textile treatment processes and in energy saving, progress is slow, and CO2 emissions continue to rise. In order to better manage the environmental impact of textile treatment processes, it is necessary to understand their principles to be able to improve or replace them with a more environmentally friendly process. This book begins by introducing sustainable practices in the textile industry that are less polluting followed by eco-friendly finishing treatments. Next, the principle of heat and mass transport in fabrics and the practical applications of these theories are explained. Finally emerging environmentally friendly technologies are discussed.

Microalgae, such as algae and cyanobacteria, which are cultivated for their biomass and are rich in lipids, proteins, and carbohydrates, can be used as a renewable energy source. Seeking to mitigate climate change and ensuring energy security, this approach provides several advantages, including being carbon neutral, requiring low water usage, and having high oil content. However, challenges persist, including scalability, cost-effectiveness, biomass harvesting, conversion efficiency, water management, and land use competition with food crops. This book describes the development of a production method of bioenergy from microalgal biomass, and examines the entire process development, from strain improvement and cultivation optimization, through the conversion process, and systems integration. The book delves into related technologies, including catalytic conversion, separation and purification techniques. The potential of microalgal bioenergy as a sustainable energy source is assessed by considering scalability, cost-effectiveness, and environmental impact.

Desalination technologies help address the world's growing water scarcity problem. Desalination is the process of removing salt and other minerals from seawater and brackish water to make them useable for drinking, irrigation, industrial uses, etc. However, challenges associated with desalination processes persist, including high energy consumption, high costs, and environmental concerns such as brine disposal. This book provides an overview of desalination technologies, their underlying principles and their process and system design and operation. The authors explore advancements in automation, waste reduction, and other technological innovations in the field of water purification. Environmental impacts related to desalination are also discussed, including the resulting increase in seawater’s salt level, the impact of chemicals and brine discharge, and the contamination by the chemicals used in the process.

The study of the effects of ultrasound waves on a chemical reaction is known as sonochemistry. Ultrasound radiation (between 20 kHz and 2 MHz) is used to drive chemical and physical processes in solution. When ultrasound waves pass through liquid, they generate tiny bubbles that expand and then collapse quickly. This process releases energy, which can speed up the chemical reactions. Sonochemistry is considered a sustainable technology because it often utilizes less energy, requires fewer toxic chemicals, and generates less waste compared to traditional chemical processes. Ultrasound waves are utilized in various processes including synthesis, crystallization, and purifications and find applications in various sectors like pharmaceuticals, material sciences, agriculture, food processing, and environment science. This book is focused on applications of sonochemistry. It begins by explaining the basics of the technology and moves on to describing applications in the fields of chemistry, chemical engineering, and environmental engineering, and discussed applications currently being developed and future outlook.

Plastic pollution is a serious global environmental and health concern caused by the excessive use of plastic products and poor management of plastic waste. However, it is a complex issue that requires suitable technologies and effective policies and management strategies. This book describes the current global standard of plastic waste management and explains why and how it should be improved. The book begins with an introduction of the different types of plastic materials and their degradation patterns and explains the impact of plastic pollutants on the environment, the quality of water resources, and on human health. Next, the book describes current solutions for plastic waste management including recycling and toxic reduction methods, moving on to presenting innovative approaches and technologies for plastic waste management. The final chapter discusses future prospects and policy implications.

As is well known, fossil fuels and food waste are significant contributors to the climate change crisis. Conversion of food waste to energy can help solving or mitigating these problems by providing a sustainable energy alternative to fossil fuels. This book provides an overview of technologies to convert food waste to energy. It explains the rationale behind this approach and describes different methods of turning food waste into energy, factors affecting the productivity of these processes, and the advantages and challenges of these technologies. Current research in the field and selected case studies are also described.

This book introduces readers to electrospinning, a nanofabrication technique used to produce nanofibers, and discusses the properties and applications of these nanofibers. The book begins with an overview of the electrospinning process, and strategies for producing nanofibers with different morphologies. The advantages and limitations of the nanofiber technology, and future outlook are addressed next. Then recent and novel applications of electrospun nanofibers in different areas including biomedical, environmental, textile and energy are discussed, followed by a more detailed review of the fabrication and properties of electrospun nanofiber membranes and composites.

The book covers applications of Geographic Information System (GIS) and remote sensing in the fields of hydrology, water resource management, land use, rainfall variability, and groundwater mapping, to help professionals in the field identify change in patterns and guide them in making decisions that promote sustainable development.

Ozone is a powerful disinfectant with many applications. This book describes the unique advantages of using ozone technology for food decontamination. Food contamination, especially microbial contamination of fresh produce, is a serious concern in many parts of the world. Ozone decontamination can contribute to food safety and quality retention while avoiding the concerns associated with the use of pesticides. The book begins with an introduction about ozone properties and ozone technology followed by a detailed description of applications of ozone for preservation of grain, fruits, and vegetables, as well as meat and seafood. Possible effects on product quality and shelf life are discussed, and potential research directions for the future are also suggested.