Akshita Sharma

Oral health is no longer confined to the mouth. Growing scientific evidence reveals the oral cavity as a critical gateway to the respiratory system, where shared microbial, inflammatory, and immune pathways influence disease risk and progression. Conditions such as pneumonia, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, asthma, and hospital-acquired infections are increasingly linked to oral disease, challenging traditional boundaries between dentistry and respiratory medicine and highlighting oral health as a modifiable determinant of systemic well-being. This book offers a comprehensive, evidence-based exploration of the oral–respiratory axis, integrating epidemiology, biological mechanisms, clinical insights, and public health perspectives. Designed for postgraduate students, clinicians, researchers, and educators, it moves from foundational science to practical strategies, emphasizing prevention, interdisciplinary care, and future research directions. By reframing oral health as an integral component of respiratory care, this book provides a compelling blueprint for more holistic, preventive, and collaborative healthcare delivery.

The concept of molar distalization is as old as the advent of orthodontics. The correction of class II malocclusion is one of the most common problems facing the orthodontist today; with an estimated one-third of all orthodontic patients treated for this condition. Moyers has classified Class II malocclusion according to the position of the maxilla, mandible, maxillary denture, and mandibular denture.1 Type A malocclusion has anterior posterior and vertical skeletal balance. The malocclusion is due to aggravation of dental symptoms. This type of malocclusion is often called Dental Class II. Treatment for this type of malocclusion usually involves retraction of the maxillary dentition.