Ernst Cassirer

Ernst Cassirers "Thomas Thorilds ställning i 1700-talets tankeliv" ger en livfull och perspektivrik bild av diktaren och filosofen Thomas Thorild. Boken skrevs under Ernst Cassirers tid i Sverige som flykting från nazitidens Tyskland. I ett efterord ger idéhistorikern Jonas Hansson en bakgrund till bokens tillkomst. Med imponerande lärdom och precision placer­ar Ernst Cassirer in Thomas Thorilds för­fattarskap i en europeisk tankevärld och klar­lägger dess filosofiska förutsättningar. Han kallar i sin bok Thomas Thorild ett av ”de märk­värdigaste och viktigaste fenomenen i svensk litteraturhistoria”: ”Att Thorilds stil besitter en sådan kraft beror helt enkelt på att hans ord, även om de ofta är skrivna med en översvallande lidelse, alltid utstrålar en fast och oföränderlig övertygelse. De är fyllda av ett äkta filosofiskt patos och bärs upp av ett äkta filosofiskt eros. Om stilen är människan, måste Thorild i någon mening vara ’filosof’, dock inte i den meningen att han är en strikt systematiker. Det är ytterst riskfyllt att räkna honom till en viss skola och sammanfatta honom under någon av de traditionella benämningarna som vi är vana vid från beskrivningen av filosofins historia. Thorilds individualitet trotsar alla sådana schematiska definitioner och bryter gång på gång igenom de barriärer som vi försöker bygga med hjälp av dem.” Ernst Cassirer (1874–1945) är mest känd för sitt trebandsverk "De symboliska formernas filosofi" (1923–1929). Han var professor i filosofi i Hamburg, emigrerade 1933 till England, där han undervisade i Oxford, och vidare till Sverige och Göteborg, där han var professor vid dåvarande Göteborgs Högskola. Sina sista år tillbringade han i USA och undervisade vid först Yale- och sedan Columbia-­universitetet.

I "Myten om staten" spårar den tysk-judiske filosofen Ernst Cassirer (1874–1945) det totalitära tänkandets rötter. Den skrevs mot slutet av andra världskriget i amerikansk exil och utkom postumt 1946. Bokens första del analyserar det mytiska tänkandets struktur och knyter an till Cassirers huvudverk "De symboliska formernas filosofi". I den andra delen om ”kampen mot myten i det politiska tänkandet” visar Cassirer sitt mästerskap som filosofihistoriker. Han skildrar här Platons kamp mot sofistiken, konflikten mellan förnuftet och uppenbarelsen hos Augustinus och Thomas av Aquino, Machiavellis sekularisering av politiken och 1600- och 1700-talens teorier om samhällsfördraget. Men myten skulle återvända. I bokens tredje del om ”de moderna politiska myterna” visar Cassirer hur en mytbildning kring ledaren, rasen och staten tar form under 1800-talet. Dessa myter skulle i nationalsocialismen komma att kombineras med en ny ”politisk teknik”, med språklig manipulation och bruk av ett propaganda­maskineri. Marken hade, som Cassirer säger, länge förberetts, men denna teknik verkade som katalysator och gav myterna deras katastrofala kraft. "Myten om staten" utkom i översättning av Alf Ahlberg 1948. Den återutges nu lätt moderniserad, med komplett notapparat och utvidgad med Cassirers artikel ”Juden­domen och de moderna politiska myterna”. Idéhistorikern Jonas Hansson svarar för en introduktion. Ernst Cassirer var en av de mest framträdande filosoferna under första delen av 1900-talet, framför allt känd för sitt trebandsverk "De symboliska formernas filosofi" (1923–29). Kort efter Hitlers maktövertagande flydde Cassirer med sin familj, först till England och sedan till Göteborg, där han erbjöds en professur vid dåvarande Göteborgs högskola, som han innehade 1935–41. Från tiden i Göteborg stammar bl a hans bok "Om kulturvetenskapernas logik" (Daidalos, 2025). På grund av det världspolitiska läget lämnade Cassirer Göteborg för att bli professor vid Yale-universitetet.

Den tysk-judiske filosofen Ernst Cassirers "Om kulturvetenskapernas logik. fem studier" tillkom när han som emigrant från Nazityskland var professor vid Göteborgs Högskola. Boken utkom i högskolans årsskrift 1942, samma år som Cassirer emigrerade vidare till USA. Mot bakgrund av sitt huvudverk, "De symboliska formernas filosofi", behandlar Cassirer här i fem sammanhängande och koncisa studier de humanistiska vetenskapernas historia, grunder och struktur. Han förankrar dessa vetenskaper fenomenologiskt och undersöker vad som utmärker deras begreppsbildning. Kultuvetenskapernas centrala begrepp är, enligt honom, ”form”, till skillnad från kausalitet i naturvetenskaperna, och det är totaliteten av de symboliska former i vilka det mänskliga livet utspelas som dessa vetenskaper vill vinna kunskap om. Avslutningsvis reflekterar Cassirer över temat ”kulturens tragedi” i anslutning till Rousseau och Georg Simmel. Kulturen förstår han som en fortlöpande kommunikativ process: ”kulturens genuint stora verk står aldrig inför oss som något alltigenom förstelnat och fastlagt. […] Deras innehåll finns bara till för oss genom att det ständigt tillägnas på nytt och därigenom gång på gång återskapas.”

Der Philosoph Ernst Cassirer (1874 - 1945) "wird einerseits dem naturwissenschaftlich orientierten Neukantianismus der Marburger Schule zugeordnet. ber die Kategorie der symbolischen Formen und Themen der Sprachphilosophie nahm Cassirer aber auch genuine Denkstr mungen des 20. Jahrhunderts auf und formulierte eine eigenst ndige Kulturphilosophie." (Wikipedia) In dem hier vorliegenden Werk will der Autor das Wesen des deutschen Geistes in seinem Spannungsverh ltnis zwischen Freiheit und Form nicht blo als abstrakte Formel, sondern vielmehr "in den 'Taten und Leiden' der deutschen Geistesgeschichte selbst zur mittelbaren Darstellung" bringen. (Vorwort) Dies behandelt er in den folgenden Kapiteln: Leibniz - Die Entdeckung der sthetischen Formenwelt - Die Freiheitsidee im System des kritischen Idealismus - Goethe - Schiller - Freiheitsidee und Staatsidee. Nachdruck der zweiten Auflage in Frakturschrift aus dem Jahr 1918.

“In his Phenomenology of Cognition, Cassirer provides a comprehensive and systematic account of the dynamic process involved in the whole of human culture as it progresses from the world of myth and its feeling of social belonging to the highest abstractions of mathematics, logic and theoretical physics. Cassirer engages with the most sophisticated and cutting-edge work in fields ranging from ethnology to classics, egyptology and assyriology to ethology, brain science and psychology to logic, mathematics and theoretical physics. His command of philosophy, literature, and the arts is superb. Echoing his work on Kant, Cassirer begins The Philosophy of Symbolic Forms with the problem posed by the meaning of being for philosophy since Plato. But Cassirer also shows that this problem gains new significance with Kant and with the development of modern culture. Cassirer weaves his conception of the development of knowledge into a broadly Kantian and German idealist dynamic-historical conception of significance and of experience that refuses to accept a fundamental opposition between literary, philosophical and scientific culture. In consequence of his great vision grounded in careful reflection and argument, Cassirer’s systematic conception of the Copernican cosmopolitan-cosmological revolution is still philosophically and scientifically unmatched in contemporary philosophy on both sides of the Atlantic and of the Pacific.” Pierre Keller, Professor of Philosophy, University of California, Riverside, USA. This new translation makes Cassirer’s seminal work available to a new generation of scholars. Each volume includes a translator’s introduction by Steve G. Lofts, a foreword by Peter E. Gordon, a glossary of key terms, and an index.

"The Philosophy of Symbolic Forms is one of the landmarks of twentieth century philosophy. Drawing from the influential work of Wilhelm Dilthey, it transformed neo-Kantianism into a new robust philosophy of culture. The second volume, on Mythical Thinking, analyzes the fundamental layers of perception and expression as well as the articulations with religion and the dialectic with other forms, essentially language and art. The intellectual breadth of the volume is remarkable. It initiated the debate with Martin Heidegger and prompted a long-lasting meditation by Hans Blumenberg. We are only beginning to recognize its importance for our understanding of the power of images in the construction of aesthetics, the self, and the socio-political world. It initiated a discussion within French sociology (Émile Durkheim, Marcel Mauss) that ultimately resurfaced in Pierre Bourdieu, while today it is considered as a resourceful path for cultural and critical theory (Drucilla Cornell and Kenneth M. Panfilio). Finally, this volume also offers solid grounds for a political critique of Nazism - specifically: Alfred Rosenberg’s Myth of the 20th Century and Adolf Hitler’s Mein Kampf - as well as the new emerging totalitarian ideologies." Fabien Capeilleres, Professor of Philosophy, editor of the French edition of Cassirer’s Works. This new translation makes Cassirer’s seminal work available to a new generation of scholars. Each volume includes a translator’s introduction by Steve G. Lofts, a foreword by Peter E. Gordon, a glossary of key terms, and an index.

"The Philosophy of Symbolic Forms is a milestone in twentieth century philosophy. Promoting a philosophical vision informed by Kant, it incorporates the philosophical advances achieved in the nineteenth century by German Idealism and Neo-Kantianism, whilst acknowledging the contributions made by his contemporary phenomenologists. It also encompasses empirical and historical research on culture and the most contemporary work on myth, linguistics and psychopathology. As such, it ranks in philosophical importance along with other major works of the twentieth century, such as Edmund Husserl’s Logical Investigations, Martin Heidegger’s Being and Time, and Ludwig Wittgenstein’s Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus. In the first volume, Cassirer explores the symbolic form of language. Already recognized by thinkers in the tradition of German Idealism, such as Wilhelm von Humboldt, language is the primary medium by which we interact with others and form a common world. As Cassirer emphasizes in the famous Davos Debate with Heidegger, 'there is one objective human world, in which a bridge is built from individual to individual. That I find in the primal phenomenon of language.' The famous trias Cassirer discerns in the functioning of language – the functions of expression (Ausdruck), presentation (Darstellung), and signification (Bedeutung) – has become paradigmatic for accounts of language, philosophical, linguistic, and anthropological alike." Sebastian Luft, Professor of Philosophy, Marquette University, USA. This new translation makes Cassirer’s seminal work available to a new generation of scholars. Each volume includes a translator’s introduction by Steve G. Lofts, a foreword by Peter E. Gordon, a glossary of key terms, and an index.

Goethes Wort, da alles Lebendige eine Atmosph re um sich her bilde, gilt in ganz besonderem Ma e auch von den gro en philosophischen Gedankenbildungen. Sie alle stehen nicht lediglich abgel st im leeren Raume des Begriffs und der Abstraktion, sondern sie bew hren sich nach den verschiedensten Seiten hin als lebendige geistige Triebkr fte. Ihr wahrhafter Bestand tritt erst in dieser Mannigfaltigkeit der Wirkungen, die sie auf ihre Zeit und auf die gro en Individuen ben, ganz hervor. Aber in dieser Breite der Wirkung liegt freilich zugleich f r die Sch rfe und Bestimmtheit ihres Begriffs eine unmittelbare Gefahr.

Dieses Buch ""Heinrich von Kleist und die Kantische Philosophie "" wurde in der gesamten Menschheitsgeschichte als wichtig angesehen, und damit dieses Werk niemals vergessen wird, haben wir uns bem ht, es zu bewahren, indem wir dieses Buch in einem modernen Format f r gegenw rtige und zuk nftige Generationen neu herausgeben. Dieses ganze Buch wurde neu formatiert, neu abgetippt und gestaltet. Diese B cher bestehen nicht aus gescannten Kopien ihrer Originalarbeit und daher ist der Text klar und lesbar.

One of the twentieth century’s greatest philosophers presents the results of his lifetime study of man’s cultural achievementsAn Essay on Man is an original synthesis of contemporary knowledge, a unique interpretation of the intellectual crisis of our time, and a brilliant vindication of man’s ability to resolve human problems by the courageous use of his mind. In a new introduction Peter E. Gordon situates the book among Cassirer’s greater body of work, and looks at why his “hymn to humanity in an inhuman age” still resonates with readers today. “The best-balanced and most mature expression of [Cassirer’s] thought.”—Journal of Philosophy “No reader of this book can fail to be struck by the grandeur of its program or by the sensitive humanism of the author.”—Ernest Nagel, The Humanist “A rare work of philosophy and a rare work of art.”—Tomorrow

Ernst Cassirer occupies a unique space in twentieth-century philosophy. A great liberal humanist, his multi-faceted work spans the history of philosophy, the philosophy of science, intellectual history, aesthetics, epistemology, the study of language and myth, and more. Cassirer’s thought also anticipates the renewed interest in the origins of analytic and continental philosophy in the Twentieth Century and the divergent paths taken by the 'logicist' and existential traditions, epitomised by his now legendary debate in 1929 with the philosopher Martin Heidegger, over the question "What is the Human Being?" The Philosophy of Symbolic Forms is Cassirer's most important work. It was first published in German in 1923, the third and final volume appearing in 1929. In it Cassirer presents a radical new philosophical worldview - at once rich, creative and controversial - of human beings as fundamentally "symbolic animals", placing signs and systems of expression between themselves and the world. This major new translation of all three volumes, the first for over fifty years, brings Cassirer's magnum opus to a new generation of students and scholars. Taken together, the three volumes of The Philosophy of Symbolic Forms are a vital treatise on human beings as symbolic animals and a monumental expression of neo-Kantian thought. Correcting important errors in previous English editions, this translation reflects the contributions of significant advances in Cassirer scholarship over the last twenty to thirty years. Each volume includes a new introduction and translator's notes by Steve G. Lofts, a foreword by Peter E. Gordon, a glossary of key terms, and a thorough index.

“In his Phenomenology of Cognition, Cassirer provides a comprehensive and systematic account of the dynamic process involved in the whole of human culture as it progresses from the world of myth and its feeling of social belonging to the highest abstractions of mathematics, logic and theoretical physics. Cassirer engages with the most sophisticated and cutting-edge work in fields ranging from ethnology to classics, egyptology and assyriology to ethology, brain science and psychology to logic, mathematics and theoretical physics. His command of philosophy, literature, and the arts is superb. Echoing his work on Kant, Cassirer begins The Philosophy of Symbolic Forms with the problem posed by the meaning of being for philosophy since Plato. But Cassirer also shows that this problem gains new significance with Kant and with the development of modern culture. Cassirer weaves his conception of the development of knowledge into a broadly Kantian and German idealist dynamic-historical conception of significance and of experience that refuses to accept a fundamental opposition between literary, philosophical and scientific culture. In consequence of his great vision grounded in careful reflection and argument, Cassirer’s systematic conception of the Copernican cosmopolitan-cosmological revolution is still philosophically and scientifically unmatched in contemporary philosophy on both sides of the Atlantic and of the Pacific.” Pierre Keller, Professor of Philosophy, University of California, Riverside, USA. This new translation makes Cassirer’s seminal work available to a new generation of scholars. Each volume includes a translator’s introduction by Steve G. Lofts, a foreword by Peter E. Gordon, a glossary of key terms, and an index.

"The Philosophy of Symbolic Forms is a milestone in twentieth century philosophy. Promoting a philosophical vision informed by Kant, it incorporates the philosophical advances achieved in the nineteenth century by German Idealism and Neo-Kantianism, whilst acknowledging the contributions made by his contemporary phenomenologists. It also encompasses empirical and historical research on culture and the most contemporary work on myth, linguistics and psychopathology. As such, it ranks in philosophical importance along with other major works of the twentieth century, such as Edmund Husserl’s Logical Investigations, Martin Heidegger’s Being and Time, and Ludwig Wittgenstein’s Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus. In the first volume, Cassirer explores the symbolic form of language. Already recognized by thinkers in the tradition of German Idealism, such as Wilhelm von Humboldt, language is the primary medium by which we interact with others and form a common world. As Cassirer emphasizes in the famous Davos Debate with Heidegger, 'there is one objective human world, in which a bridge is built from individual to individual. That I find in the primal phenomenon of language.' The famous trias Cassirer discerns in the functioning of language – the functions of expression (Ausdruck), presentation (Darstellung), and signification (Bedeutung) – has become paradigmatic for accounts of language, philosophical, linguistic, and anthropological alike." Sebastian Luft, Professor of Philosophy, Marquette University, USA. This new translation makes Cassirer’s seminal work available to a new generation of scholars. Each volume includes a translator’s introduction by Steve G. Lofts, a foreword by Peter E. Gordon, a glossary of key terms, and an index.