James Madison

During the first four months of 1783, when the United States was neither wholly at war nor wholly at peace, a cluster of difficult problems confronted James Madison and his fellow delegates in Congress. Faced with the interlocking issues of finance, demobilization, and foreign affairs, Congress held many contentious sessions early in the year. The sparseness of the official journal enhances the value of the notes on debates, recorded by Madison, for illuminating the discussions.

Secretary of State James Madison grappled with conflicts in both Europe and the American West during the period included in this volume. Diplomats James Monroe and William Pinkney recorded some breakthroughs in their negotiations with Great Britain, but a new anti-British policy from France, the Berlin Decree, complicated progress. Britain responded with an order-in-council, and US neutral commerce became more precarious than it had been since the 1802–3 Peace of Amiens. After the two US representatives reached agreement with British negotiators on what became known as the Monroe-Pinkney Treaty, Madison helped President Thomas Jefferson assess its merits and determine whether to submit it to the Senate for advice and consent. To secure French Catholics’ loyalty to the United States, Madison reluctantly intervened in a dispute over the Roman Catholic Church’s episcopal authority over the Louisiana diocese when he feared that Napoleon had overstepped his boundaries. The Jefferson administration escalated its interest in former vice president Aaron Burr’s suspicious activities in the West, resulting in Burr’s arrest in early 1807. Madison played an integral role in the investigation and apprehension of Burr, maintaining a correspondence with governors of western territories and government agents charged with probing and countering Burr’s nebulous plans. The supplement contains notes that Madison took as he attempted to read law during the 1780s. The document, which is misfiled among Thomas Jefferson’s papers at the Library of Congress, represents the only surviving set of legal notes made by Madison.

Features selected political writings of James Madison. This work also includes an introduction by the author, a brief chronology, the texts of the Declaration of Independence and Constitution, and an index.

During the first six of the ten months covered by this volume, Madison completed his initial period of service as a delegate from Virginia in the Congress of the Confederation. His correspondence with Thomas Jefferson and Edmund Randolph, as well as his other papers, reveal the mounting difficulties besetting him and his fellow nationalists who sought to preserve a union among the thirteen states. The major problems, which included demobilizing the discontented army, obtaining public revenue, funding the Confederation debt, pressing the British to evacuate their military posts, enforcing the preliminary articles of peace, creating a public domain in the West, locating a provisional or permanent capital of the Confederation, and negotiating commercial treaties with European powers, fostered sectionalism, factionalism, and an emphasis upon state sovereignty. As a prominent member of Congress, Madison sought legislative and constitutional remedies for this menacing divisiveness. To him the maintenence of the new nation embodied the greatest trust ever confided to a political society, for it was the last and fairest experiment in favor of the rights of human nature. Early in December, after an absence of over three years, Madison returned to Montpelier, his father's estate. There during the winter of 1783-1784, he studied law, renewed old friendships, and canvassed the residents of Orange County for support of his candidacy for election to the House of Delegates of the Virginia General Assembly. maintenance

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