Montesquieu

Charles-Louis de Secondat, Baron de La Br de et de Montesquieu (18 January 1689 - 10 February 1755), generally referred to as simply Montesquieu, was a French judge, man of letters, and political philosopher. He is famous for his articulation of the theory of separation of powers, which is implemented in many constitutions throughout the world. He is also known for doing more than any other author to secure the place of the word "despotism" in the political lexicon. His anonymously published The Spirit of the Laws in 1748, which was received well in both Great Britain and the American colonies, influenced the Founding Fathers in drafting the United States Constitution. Persian Letters (French: Lettres persanes) is a literary work, written in 1721, by Montesquieu, recounting the experiences of two Persian noblemen, Usbek and Rica, who are traveling through France. In 1711 Usbek leaves his seraglio in Isfahan to take the long journey to France, accompanied by his young friend Rica. He leaves behind five wives (Zashi, Z phis, Fatm , Z lis, and Roxane) in the care of a number of black eunuchs, one of whom is the head or first eunuch. During the trip and their long stay in Paris (1712-1720), they comment, in letters exchanged with friends and mullahs, on numerous aspects of Western, Christian society, particularly French politics and Moors, ending with a biting satire of the System of John Law. Over time, various disorders surface back in the seraglio, and, beginning in 1717 (Letter 139 147]), the situation there rapidly unravels. Usbek orders his head eunuch to crack down, but his message does not arrive in time, and a revolt brings about the death of his wives, including the vengeful suicide of his favorite, Roxane, and, it appears, most of the eunuchs. (wikipedia.org)

Charles-Louis de Secondat, Baron de La Br de et de Montesquieu (18 January 1689 - 10 February 1755), generally referred to as simply Montesquieu, was a French judge, man of letters, and political philosopher. He is famous for his articulation of the theory of separation of powers, which is implemented in many constitutions throughout the world. He is also known for doing more than any other author to secure the place of the word "despotism" in the political lexicon. His anonymously published The Spirit of the Laws in 1748, which was received well in both Great Britain and the American colonies, influenced the Founding Fathers in drafting the United States Constitution. Persian Letters (French: Lettres persanes) is a literary work, written in 1721, by Montesquieu, recounting the experiences of two Persian noblemen, Usbek and Rica, who are traveling through France. In 1711 Usbek leaves his seraglio in Isfahan to take the long journey to France, accompanied by his young friend Rica. He leaves behind five wives (Zashi, Z phis, Fatm , Z lis, and Roxane) in the care of a number of black eunuchs, one of whom is the head or first eunuch. During the trip and their long stay in Paris (1712-1720), they comment, in letters exchanged with friends and mullahs, on numerous aspects of Western, Christian society, particularly French politics and Moors, ending with a biting satire of the System of John Law. Over time, various disorders surface back in the seraglio, and, beginning in 1717 (Letter 139 147]), the situation there rapidly unravels. Usbek orders his head eunuch to crack down, but his message does not arrive in time, and a revolt brings about the death of his wives, including the vengeful suicide of his favorite, Roxane, and, it appears, most of the eunuchs. (wikipedia.org)

Montesquieu's marginal notes and the sometimes very developed extracts from works that make up his "manuscript library" were mostly unpublished. They are an essential access point to his work, revealing his working methods and the genesis of his thinking.

El alma ama la variedad; pero, ya lo hemos dicho, tan solo la ama porque esta hecha para conocer y para ver: por tanto es preciso que pueda ver, y que la variedad se lo permita; vale decir: es preciso que una cosa sea lo bastante simple para ser percibida y lo bastante variada para ser percibida con placer." En este pequeno tratado sobre el gusto -escrito en 1717 y destinado a un curso academico-, la exigencia de armonia y de simetria no emana solo de una razon teorica avida de introducir el orden por todas partes: a traves de ese orden mismo, se produce una expansion del horizonte. El ojo contempla asi un reino invisible a plena luz, un espectaculo en el cual nada puede permanecer oculto.

El esp ritu de las leyes es un libro imprescindible para entender el pensamiento pol tico occidental. Recrea el modelo ingl s -tomado, a su vez, de los germanos- del sistema de separaci n de poderes y monarqu a constitucional. Seg n el autor franc s, los poderes ejecutivo, legislativo y judicial no deben concentrarse en las mismas manos. Se trata de una teor a de contrapesos, donde cada poder contrarresta y equilibra a los otros.