National Academy of Sciences

Biographic Memoirs Volume 82 contains the biographies of deceased members of the National Academy of Sciences and bibliographies of their published works. Each biographical essay was written by a member of the Academy familiar with the professional career of the deceased. For historical and bibliographical purposes, these volumes are worth returning to time and again. Table of Contents Front Matter John David Axtell Maxime Bôcher John Robert Borchert Wallace Reed Brode Richard Courant Gérard De Vaucouleurs Paul John Flory Josef Fried Jack Rodney Harlan Arthur Davis Hasler Walter David Knight Erwin W. Müller Sarah Ratner Abraham Robinson Donald C. Shreffler Cecil H. Wadleigh Hermann Weyl Raymond Louis Wilder Olin Chaddock Wilson Jacob Wolfowitz

At the request of the Government-University-Industry Research Roundtable (GUIRR), Shirley Ann Jackson, President of Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, presents in this brief paper her views of the challenges of the 21st century for the science and engineering workforce. Dr. Jackson identifies factors that she believes are contributing to a declining science and engineering workforce, describes the risks and consequences of this decline, and proposes specific, short-term tasks for universities, industry, and the federal government to strengthen and revitalize the workforce. Table of Contents Front Matter Introduction The Problem Understanding the Risks to the S&E Workforce The Risks of a Declining S&E Workforce Strengthening the S&E Workforce Conclusion

Biographic Memoirs Volume 81 contains the biographies of deceased members of the National Academy of Sciences and bibliographies of their published works. Each biographical essay was written by a member of the Academy familiar with the professional career of the deceased. For historical and bibliographical purposes, these volumes are worth returning to time and again. Table of Contents Front Matter Stanley D. Beck Earl Philip Benditt R. H. Bing Marvin P. Bryant Karl August Folkers Klaus Hofman Loo-Keng Hua Harold Lloyd James William M. Kaula Wolfgang Köhler William L. McMillan James van Gundia Neel Susumo Ohno William Fogg Osgood Elizabeth S. Russell Lewis Hastings Sarett Emilio Gino Segrè John Alexander Simpson Richard Tousey John Randolph Winckler

Drawing upon the considerable existing body of technical material related to the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty, the National Academy of Sciences reviewed and assessed the key technical issues that arose during the Senate debate over treaty ratification. In particular, these include: (1) the capacity of the United States to maintain confidence in the safety and reliability of its nuclear stockpile in the absence of nuclear testing; (2) the nuclear-test detection capabilities of the international monitoring system (with and without augmentation by national systems and instrumentation in use for scientific purposes, and taking into account the possibilities for decoupling nuclear explosions from surrounding geologic media); and (3) the additions to their nuclear-weapons capabilities that other countries could achieve through nuclear testing at yield levels that might escape detection, and the effect of such additions on the security of the United States. Table of Contents Front Matter Executive Summary Introduction 1. Stockpile Stewardship Considerations: Safety and Reliability Under a CTBT 2. CTBT Monitoring Capability 3. Potential Impact of Clandestine Foreign Testing: U. S. Security Interests and Concern Appendix A: Biographical Sketches of Committee Members Appendix B: List of Committee Meetings and Briefings Color Plates

Biographic Memoirs: Volume 80 contains the biographies of deceased members of the National Academy of Sciences and bibliographies of their published works. Each biographical essay was written by a member of the Academy familiar with the professional career of the deceased. For historical and bibliographical purposes, these volumes are worth returning to time and again. Table of Contents Front Matter Daniel I. Arnon Lipman Bers George David Birkhoff Karl Wolfgang Deutsch Zvi Griliches John C. Harsanyi Michael Heidelberger Alred Day Hershey Karl Ferdinand Herzfeld William Summer-Johnson Richard Stockton MacNeish Edward James McShane Robert Lee Metcalf David Rittenberg Ruth Sager Ray Fred Smith Frank Harold Spedding Sam Bard Treiman Robert Rathbun Wilson Robert Burns Woodward

Biographic Memoirs: Volume 79 contains the biographies of deceased members of the National Academy of Sciences and bibliographies of their published works. Each biographical essay was written by a member of the Academy familiar with the professional career of the deceased. For historical and bibliographical purposes, these volumes are worth returning to time and again. Table of Contents Front Matter Title Page Henry G. Booker George Hermann Buchi Horace Robert Byers Gerald M. Clemence Julius H. Comroe, Jr. Rafael Lorente De No Samuel Eilenberg Jordi Folch-Pi Robert Hofstadter Mary Ellen Jones Simon S. Kuznets Franklin Asbury Long Hans Joachim Muller-Eberhard Daniel Nathans William Harrison Riker Richard C. Starr Dean Stanley Tarbell Howard M. Temin Benton J. Underwood Oliver Reynolds Wulf

Biographic Memoirs: Volume 78 contains the biographies of deceased members of the National Academy of Sciences and bibliographies of their published works. Each biographical essay was written by a member of the Academy familiar with the professional career of the deceased. For historical and bibliographical purposes, these volumes are worth returning to time and again. Table of Contents Front Matter Robert Cooley Elderfield Gertrude B. Elion Edward Vaughan Evarts Edward C. Franklin Clifford Grobstein Jerome Clarke Hunsaker Philip F. Low Robert Franklin Mehl Robert Sanderson Mulliken William D. Phillips Edward Mills Purcell Reed Clark Rollins Stanley Schachter Glenn Theodore Seaborg George Frederick Sprague Robert Julius Trumpler George Wald John C. Warner Jerome Bert Wiesner Alfred P. Wolf

"The present book is intended as a progress report on [the] synthetic approach to evolution as it applies to the plant kingdom." With this simple statement, G. Ledyard Stebbins formulated the objectives of Variation and Evolution in Plants, published in 1950, setting forth for plants what became known as the "synthetic theory of evolution" or "the modern synthesis." The pervading conceit of the book was the molding of Darwin's evolution by natural selection within the framework of rapidly advancing genetic knowledge. At the time, Variation and Evolution in Plants significantly extended the scope of the science of plants. Plants, with their unique genetic, physiological, and evolutionary features, had all but been left completely out of the synthesis until that point. Fifty years later, the National Academy of Sciences convened a colloquium to update the advances made by Stebbins. This collection of 17 papers marks the 50th anniversary of the publication of Stebbins' classic. Organized into five sections, the book covers: early evolution and the origin of cells, virus and bacterial models, protoctist models, population variation, and trends and patterns in plant evolution. Table of Contents Front Matter Part I EARLY EVOLUTION AND THE ORIGIN OF CELLS 1 G. Ledyard Stebbins (19062000) - An Appreciation 2 Solution to Darwin's Dilemma: Discovery of the Missing Precambrian Record of Life 3 The Chimeric Eukaryote: Origin of the Nucleus from the Karyomastigont in Amitochondriate Protists 4 Dynamic Evolution of Plant Mitochondrial Genomes: Mobile Genes and Introns and Highly Variable Mutation Rates Part II VIRAL AND BACTERIAL MODELS 5 The Evolution of RNA Viruses: A Population Genetics View 6 Effects of Passage History and Sampling Bias on Phylogenetic Reconstruction of Human Influenza A Evolution 7 Bacteria are Different: Observations, Interpretations, Speculations, and Opinions About the Mechanisms of Adaptive Evolution in Prokaryotes Part III PROTOCTIST MODELS 8 Evolution of RNA Editing in Trypanosome Mitochondria 9 Population Structure and Recent Evolution of Plasmodium falciparum Part IV POPULATION VARIATION 10 Transposons and Genome Evolution in Plants 11 Maize as a Model for the Evolution of Plant Nuclear Genomes 12 Flower Color Variation: A Model for the Experimental Study of Evolution 13 Gene Genealogies and Population Variation in Plants Part V TRENDS AND PATTERNS IN PLANT EVOLUTION 14 Toward a New Synthesis: Major Evolutionary Trends in the Angiosperm Fossil Record 15 Reproductive Systems and Evolution in Vascular Plants 16 Hybridization as a Stimulus for the Evolution of Invasiveness in Plants? 17 The Role of Genetic and Genomic Attributes in the Success of Polyploids Index

Biographic Memoirs: Volume 77 contains the biographies of deceased members of the National Academy of Sciences and bibliographies of their published works. Each biographical essay was written by a member of the Academy familiar with the professional career of the deceased. For historical and bibliographical purposes, these volumes are worth returning to time and again. Table of Contents Front Matter Lyman James Briggs Roger William Brown Philip Pacy Cohen Bernard David Davis Michael J. S. Dewar Robert Henry Dicke Walther Frederick Goebel Gertrude Scharff Goldhaber Carl W. Gottschalk Jesse D. Jennings John Gamble Kirkwood Izaak Maurits Kolthoff Edwin Herbert Land Richard Macy Noyes James Olds Alwin Max Pappenheimer, Jr. Frederick Dominic Rossini Theodore William Schultz John Charles Walker Gian-Carlo Wick

Biographic Memoirs: Volume 76 contains the biographies of deceased members of the National Academy of Sciences and bibliographies of their published works. Each biographical essay was written by a member of the Academy familiar with the professional career of the deceased. For historical and bibliographical purposes, these volumes are worth returning to time and again. Table of Contents Front Matter Samuel King Allison Kenneth Tompkins Bainbridge Valentine Bargmann Robert W. Briggs Theodore L. Cairns Bruce Chalmers Katherine Esau Maxwell Finland Beno Gutenberg Mary R. Haas George Henry Hepting Edwin C. Kemble Willem Jacob Luyten Robert Eugene Marshak Jerome Namias Edward Purdy Ney Christian Heinrich Friedrich Peters Howard Ensign Simmons, Jr. George Joseph Stigler Clinton Nathan Woolsey

Biographical Memoirs is a series of essays containing the life histories and selected bibliographies of deceased members of the National Academy of Sciences. The series provides a record of the life and work of some of the most distinguished leaders in the sciences, as witnessed and interpreted by their colleagues and peers. They form a biographical history of science in America—an important part of our nation's contribution to the intellectual heritage of the world. Table of Contents Front Matter Henry Herman Barschall Paul Doughty Bartlett Richard Barry Bernstein Norris E. Bradbury Richard Dagobert Brauer Melvin Calvin Hallowell Davis Carl Barton Huffaker Stephen Cole Kleene Robert B. Leighton Joseph Carl Robnett Licklider Otto E. Neugebauer Everett C. Olson Isadore Perlman Roger Randall Dougan Revelle Bruno Benedetto Rossi Francis Otto Schmitt James Augustine Shannon Carl Richard Soderberg William S. Vickrey

Biographic Memoirs: Volume 74 contains the biographies of deceased members of the National Academy of Sciences and bibliographies of their published works. Each biographical essay was written by a member of the Academy familiar with the professional career of the deceased. For historical and bibliographical purposes, these volumes are worth returning to time and again. Table of Contents Front Matter Albert Francis Birch Gregory Breit Warren Lee Butler George Brownlee Craig, Jr. Scott Ellsworth Forbush Ross Gunn David Harker Yandell Henderson James Lynn Hoard Joseph Kaplan Stephen W. Kuffler Anton Lang Samuel Colville Lind Alfred Otto Carl Nier Clair Cameron Patterson Berta V. Scharrer Frederick Emmons Terman Victor Chandler Twitty Frits Warmolt Went Eugene Paul Wigner

Biographic Memoirs: Volume 73 contains the biographies of deceased members of the National Academy of Sciences and bibliographies of their published works. Each biographical essay was written by a member of the Academy familiar with the professional career of the deceased. For historical and bibliographical purposes, these volumes are worth returning to time and again. Table of Contents FRONT MATTER CHARLES GREELEY ABBOT CARL DAVID ANDERSON WILLIAM OSGOOD AYDELOTTE FRANK AMBROSE BEACH WALKER BLEAKNEY JAMES FREDERICK BONNER RODNEY LEE COOL LOUIS BARKHOUSE FLEXNER REYNOLD CLAYTON FUSON CHARLES ROY HENDERSON JOHANNES HOLTFRETER CARL IVER HOVLAND CARSON DUNNING JEFFRIES FREDERICK GEORGE KEYES HEINRICH KLUVER LEWIS GIBSON LONGSWORTH ALFRED EZRA MIRSKY MELVIN SPENCER NEWMAN ALFRED HENRY STURTEVANT WILLIAM GOULD YOUNG

Biographic Memoirs: Volume 72 contains the biographies of deceased members of the National Academy of Sciences and bibliographies of their published works. Each biographical essay was written by a member of the Academy familiar with the professional career of the deceased. For historical and bibliographical purposes, these volumes are worth returning to time and again. Table of Contents FRONT MATTER HERBERT L. ANDERSON ARCHIBALD PHILIP BARD SUBRAHMANYAN CHANDRASEKHAR ROBERT BRAINARD COREY ALBERT DORFMAN LEE ALVIN DUBRIDGE LEO GOLDBERG LOUIS PLACK HAMMETT EMIL WALTER HAURY RAYMOND GEORGE HERB JAMES GORDON HORSFALL EMIL THOMAS KAISER DONALD WILLIAM KERST PAUL JACKSON KRAMER MILTON STANLEY LIVINGSTON WILLIAM WILSON MORGAN MARCUS MORTON RHOADES HENRY STOMMEL JOSEPH E. VARNER PAUL ALFRED WEISS

Biographic Memoirs: Volume 71 contains the biographies of deceased members of the National Academy of Sciences and bibliographies of their published works. Each biographical essay was written by a member of the Academy familiar with the professional career of the deceased. For historical and bibliographical purposes, these volumes are worth returning to time and again. Table of Contents FRONT MATTER JEROME W. CONN ALLAN V. COX JOHN MICHAEL DALY EDWARD SMITH DEEVEY, JR. BERNARD N. FIELDS RAYMOND MATTHEW FUOSS LESTER ORVILLE KRAMPITZ ERNEST GEORGE MERRITT ROBERT McC. NETTING ALLEN NEWELL J. ROBERT OPPENHEIMER LINUS CARL PAULING CARL PFAFFMANN EDWARD SAPIR RICHARD LESTER SOLOMAN ROGER WOLCOTT SPERRY DEWITT STETTEN, JR. JABEZ CURRY STREET FRANCIS JOHN TURNER ERNEST GLEN WEVER

Biographic Memoirs: Volume 70 contains the biographies of deceased members of the National Academy of Sciences and bibliographies of their published works. Each biographical essay was written by a member of the Academy familiar with the professional career of the deceased. For historical and bibliographical purposes, these volumes are worth returning to time and again. Table of Contents Front Matter William L. Brown Kenneth Stewart Cole Henry Eyring Alfred Gilman Henry Gilman Morris Howard Hansen Robert Paul Hanson Robert Fleming Heizer Frederick Seymour Hulse Leon Orris Jacobson Warren Kendall Lewis Choh Hao Li Bernd Theodor Matthias Egon Orowan Efraim Racker Herschel L. Roman Harry Lionel Shapiro Frank Ludvig Spitzer Merle Antony Tuve John West Wells

Biographic Memoirs: Volume 69 contains the biographies of deceased members of the National Academy of Sciences and bibliographies of their published works. Each biographical essay was written by a member of the Academy familiar with the professional career of the deceased. For historical and bibliographical purposes, these volumes are worth returning to time and again. Table of Contents FRONT MATTER KENNETH EWART BOULDING SOLOMON J. BUSCHSBAUM ALBERT HEWITT COONS WILLIAM FRANCIS GIAUQUE SUSUMU HAGIWARA BERNHARD HAURWITZ JOSEPH PAXSON IDDINGS HERMAN MORITZ KALCKAR ISRAEL MICHAEL LERNER THOMAS SEWARD LOVERING NICHOLAS ULRICH MAYALL EDWIN MATTISON MCMILLAN HERMANN RAHN TRACY MORTON SONNEBORN ALEXANDER SPOEHR ELIOT STELLAR JULIAN HAYNES STEWARD HARALD ULRIK SVERDRUP CHAMP B. TANNER HARLAND GOFF WOOD

Biographic Memoirs: Volume 68 contains the biographies of deceased members of the National Academy of Sciences and bibliographies of their published works. Each biographical essay was written by a member of the Academy familiar with the professional career of the deceased. For historical and bibliographical purposes, these volumes are worth returning to time and again. Table of Contents Front Matter Jacob Aall Bonnevie Bjerknes Hubert Morse Blalock, Jr. Min Chueh Chang George Constantin Cotzias Frederick Russell Eggan Walter M. Elsasser Earnest Albert Hooton Arthur S. King Herman Francis Mark Barbara McClintock Irvine Heinly Page William Cumming Rose Carl Frederic Schmidt John Clark Sheehan William Bradford Shockley Edward Holland Spicer George Streisinger Harold Clayton Urey Carroll Milton Williams Jerrold R. Zacharias

Biographic Memoirs: Volume 67 contains the biographies of deceased members of the National Academy of Sciences and bibliographies of their published works. Each biographical essay was written by a member of the Academy familiar with the professional career of the deceased. For historical and bibliographical purposes, these volumes are worth returning to time and again. Table of Contents Front Matter Robert Kyle Burns William B. Castle Preston Cloud Andr Frdric Courand Jacob Pieter Den Hartog Paul Hugh Emmett Kurt Otto Friedrichs Herbert Spencer Gasser David Rockwell Goddard Charles Roy Hauser Clarence Leonard (Kelly) Johnson Harold Lester Johnson Tjalling Charles Koopmans Rowland Pettit Alfred C. Redfield John Milton Roberts Ernest Robert Sears Burrhus Frederic Skinner Lee Irvin Smith