National Academy of Sciences

Biographic Memoirs: Volume 66 contains the biographies of deceased members of the National Academy of Sciences and bibliographies of their published works. Each biographical essay was written by a member of the Academy familiar with the professional career of the deceased. For historical and bibliographical purposes, these volumes are worth returning to time and again. Table of Contents Front Matter Biographical Memoirs: Volume 66 Myron Lee Bender Royal Alexander Brink Seth Carlo Chandler, Jr. Jule Gregory Charney Eugene Feenberg Robert Edward Gross Harry Grundfest Louis George Henyey Joseph Oakland Hirschfelder Frederick Kaufman Daniel Sanford Lehrman Charles Snowden Piggot Henry Primakoff J. Frank Schairer Harry Bolton Seed Kenneth Wartinbee Spence Max Tishler George Hoyt Whipple

Biographic Memoirs: Volume 65 contains the biographies of deceased members of the National Academy of Sciences and bibliographies of their published works. Each biographical essay was written by a member of the Academy familiar with the professional career of the deceased. For historical and bibliographical purposes, these volumes are worth returning to time and again. Table of Contents Front Matter 1. Wilder Dwight Bancroft 2. Harrison Brown 3. George Washington Corner 4. Gilbert Dalldorf 5. Farrington Daniels 6. Charles Stark Draper 7. Louis Frederick Fieser 8. Karl Paul Link 9. David P. C. Lloyd 10. Joseph Edward Mayer 11. Marston Morse 12. Philip McCord Morse 13. Ernest Nagel 14. Robert L. Pigford 15. Hans Popper 16. Curt P. Richter 17. Albert Joyce Riker 18. Charles Allen Thomas 19. Cecil James Watson 20. John Warren Williams Cumulative Index

Within the next decade, many thousands of U. S. and Russian nuclear weapons are slated to be retired as a result of nuclear arms reduction treaties and unilateral pledges. A hundred tons or more of plutonium and tons of highly enriched uranium will no longer be needed. The management and disposition of these fissile materials, the essential ingredients of nuclear weapons, pose urgent challenges for international security. This book offers recommendations for all phases of the problem, from dismantlement of excess warheads, through intermediate storage of the fissle materials they contain, to ultimate disposition of the plutonium. Table of Contents Front Matter Executive Summary Chapter 1: Introduction: Task and Context Chapter 2: International Context Chapter 3: Criteria for Comparing Management and Disposition Options Chapter 4: Declarations and Dismantlement Chapter 5: Intermediate Storage Chapter 6: Long-Term Disposition Chapter 7: Recommendations Appendix A Appendix B Appendix C

Biographic Memoirs: Volume 63 contains the biographies of deceased members of the National Academy of Sciences and bibliographies of their published works. Each biographical essay was written by a member of the Academy familiar with the professional career of the deceased. For historical and bibliographical purposes, these volumes are worth returning to time and again. Table of Contents Front Matter Contents Preface 1. Thomas Addis 2. Dietrich H. F. Bodenstein 3. Walter Houser Brattain 4. Leonard Eugene Dickson 5. Sterling Howard Emerson 6. Charlotte Friend 7. James Jerome Gibson 8. Albert Baird Hastings 9. Einar Hille 10. Nathan Oram Kaplan 11. Wilton Marion Krogman 12. Philip Levine 13. Bruce Herbert Mahan 14. Elliott Waters Montroll 15. Earl Leonard Muetterties 16. Jerzy Neyman 17. John Howard Northrop 18. Julia Bowman Robinson 19. Howard A. Schneiderman 20. Thomas Kilgore Sherwood Cumulative Index

Biographic Memoirs: Volume 62 contains the biographies of deceased members of the National Academy of Sciences and bibliographies of their published works. Each biographical essay was written by a member of the Academy familiar with the professional career of the deceased. For historical and bibliographical purposes, these volumes are worth returning to time and again. Table of Contents Front Matter GEORGE FREDERIC BARKER WILLIAM BLOOM SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY JOHN NATHANIEL COUCH THE EARLY YEARS: FAMILY AND EDUCATION Battlefield, Laboratory, Classroom THE PROFESSIONAL YEARS: GENTLEMAN AND SCHOLAR THE LATER YEARS: RETIREMENT NOTES SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY MAX LUDWIG HENNING DELBRUCK FAMILY BACKGROUND EARLY INTEREST IN SCIENCE Bristol Copenhagen and Zrich THE BERLIN YEARS (1932-37) Early Days at Caltech Vanderbilt University and the Phage Group Cold Spring Harbor and the Phage and Phycomyces Courses Return to Caltech DNA as Genetic Material THE PHYCOMYCES PERIOD (1953-81) The Cologne Interlude (1961-63) PERSONALITY Sense of Humour The Intellectual Man LAST DAYS HONORS REFERENCES BIBLIOGRAPHY MICHAEL DOUDOROFF SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY HERBERT FRIEDMANN SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY JACOB FURTH EARLY YEARS IN RESEARCH, 1918-32 CORNELL, 1932-47 A SHORT STAY IN DALLAS, 1947-49 RADIATION BIOLOGY AT OAK RIDGE, 1950-54 HARVARD AND THE CHILIDREN'S CANCER RESEARCH FOUNDATION, 1954-59 THE FINAL YEARS, COLUMBIA, 1961-79 NOTES SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY JOY PAUL GUILFORD SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY JOEL HENRY HILDEBRAND PROFESSIONAL SOCIETIES OTHER AWARDS AND LECTURESHIPS SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY GERARD PETER KUIPER SOURCES NOTE SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY BIDELMAN'S PAPERS EARLY LIFE AND FORMATIVE YEARS FIRST CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE NUTRITION PROGRAM AT CORNELL UNIVERSITY LEADERSHIP IN ESTABLISHING CORNELL AS A CENTER FOR HUMAN NUTRITION RESEARCH AND TEACHING PUBLIC SERVICE DURING WORLD WAR II AND IN THE POSTWAR YEARS INTERPRETATION OF IMPORTANT ADVANCES AND RELEVANT ISSUES IN NUTRITION FOR POLICY MAKERS ENCOURAGEMENT OF FACULTY COLLEAGUES HONORS MAJOR ACHIEVEMENTS IN CHANGING PUBLIC AWARENESS OF NUTRITIONAL ISSUES AND IN PROMOTING THE TEACHING... SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY THE EARLY YEARS RESEARCH AND TEACHING AT COLUMBIA WORLD WAR II RETURN TO COLUMBIA SCIENTIST STATESMAN NOTES SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY RICHARD BROOKE ROBERTS FAMILY CHILDHOOD AND EDUCATION PREWAR YEARS AT THE DEPARTMENT OF TERRESTRIAL MAGNETISM OF THE CARNEGIE INSTITUTION OF WASHINGTON WARTIME PEACE, ARMS CONTROL, AND SOME POLITICS THE BIOPHYSICS GROUP AT THE DEPARTMENT OF TERRESTRIAL MAGNETISM STUDIES OF BIOSYNTHESIS IN E. COLI MACROMOLECULAR BIOSYNTHESIS THE BRAIN NOTE SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY KENNETH DAVID ROEDER SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY FRANZ SCHRADER SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY WILLIAM SMITH TILLETT NOTES SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY MAURICE BOLKS VISSCHER NOTES SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY ROBERT WILLIAMS WOOD SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY DON MERLIN LEE YOST SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY BOOK REVIEWS Cumulative Index

Biographic Memoirs: Volume 61 contains the biographies of deceased members of the National Academy of Sciences and bibliographies of their published works. Each biographical essay was written by a member of the Academy familiar with the professional career of the deceased. For historical and bibliographical purposes, these volumes are worth returning to time and again. Table of Contents Front Matter Bigraphical Memoirs Lloyd Viel Berkner Robert Bigham Brode Karl Taylor Compton Clyde Hamilton Coombs Carl Ferdinand Cori Gerty Theresa Cori John Holmes Dingle Harvey Fletcher Robert Minard Garrels Hollis Dow Hedberg Dwight Joyce Ingle Solomon Lefschetz Arthur Weever Melton Elvin Charles Stakman Otto Struve Norbert Wiener Perry William Wilson Clark Wissler Wendell Phillips Woodring Frederik William Holder Zachariasen Cumulative Index

This book focuses on nutrition services beginning in the preconceptional period and extending well beyond birth. It provides the rationale for the recommended nutritional services; briefly describes the necessary elements of these services; and indicates the personnel, knowledge, skills, and specialized education or training that may be needed to deliver them. It will be useful to policymakers, hospital administrators, directors of health centers, physicians in private or group practices, and others responsible for setting such standards and for overseeing health care services for expectant and new mothers and their infants. Table of Contents Front Matter Executive Summary 1 Introduction 2 Nutritional Concerns of Women in the Preconceptional, Prenatal, and Postpartum Periods 3 Basic and Special Nutrition Services for Women in the Preconceptional, Prenatal, and Postpartum Periods 4 Basic Nutrition Services for Newborn Infants 5 Newborns Who Need Special Nutritional Care 6 Providing for the Continuity of Nutritional Care 7 Closing Remarks and Recommendations Index

Biographic Memoirs: Volume 60 contains the biographies of deceased members of the National Academy of Sciences and bibliographies of their published works. Each biographical essay was written by a member of the Academy familiar with the professional career of the deceased. For historical and bibliographical purposes, these volumes are worth returning to time and again. Table of Contents Front Matter 1. Joseph Hall Bodine 2. Arthur Clay Cope 3. Philip Jackson Darlington, Jr. 4. John Franklin Enders 5. Edward Curtis Franklin 6. Selig Hecht 7. Libbie Henrietta Hyman 8. Francis Wheeler Loomis 9. Jacob Marschak 10. Donald Howard Menzel 11. Nathan M. Newmark 12. Lars Onsager 13. Alexander Petrunkevitch 14. Kenneth Bryan Raper 15. Francis W. Reichelderfer 16. William Jacob Robbins 17. George Gaylord Simpson 18. Owen Harding Wangensteen 19. Henry Stephen Washington 20. Howel Williams Cumulative Index

The United States and the Soviet Union could drastically reduce their nuclear arsenals below the levels prescribed by the new Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty (START). The end of the Cold War and the transformation of international security now under way present the United States with opportunities to develop new policies based on greater international cooperation with the Soviet Union and other major powers. This new book describes two lower levels of nuclear forces that could be achieved, as well as other related measures to improve international security. Table of Contents Front Matter Executive Summary I. Introduction: The Changing Political/Military Environment for U. S. Nuclear Weapons Policy II. New Objectives for Nuclear Weapons Policy III. Prospects for Cooperative Security Arrangements and Nuclear Nonproliferation IV. Nuclear Forces V. Controlling Strategic Force Operations VI. Summary of Conclusions Appendix A: Current U. S. and Soviet Strategic Froces and the Start Limits Appendix B: Target Allocation Issues Appendix C: The Sensitivity of Strike Results to Preattack Planning Factors Glossary

During the past decade, the field of astrophysics has progressed at an impressive rate. This was reflected by the topics discussed at the workshop from which this book eminated. These topics include the inflationary universe; the large-scale structure of the universe; the diffuse X-ray background; gravitational lenses, quasars and active galactic nuclei; infrared galaxies; results from infrared astronomical satellites; supernova 1987A; millisecond radio pulsars; quasi-periodic oscillations in the X-ray flux of low-mass X-ray binaries; and gamma-ray bursts. Table of Contents FRONT MATTER INSTABILITIES IN SN1987A AND OTHER SUPERNOVAE ON THE EVOLUTION OF PULSARS THE SPIN DOWN OF THE RADIO PULSARS BRAKING INDEX AXIALLY SYMMETRICAL SUPERNOVA REMNANTS NEUTRON STARQUAKE MODEL FOR GAMMA-RAY BURSTS THE SHOCK BREAKOUT IN SN1987A MODELLED WITH THE TIME-DEPENDENT RADIATIVE TRANSFER MANIFESTATIONS OF DYNAMO DRIVEN LARGE-SCALE MAGNETIC FIELD IN ACCRETION DISKS OF COMPACT OBJECTS TURBULIZATION OF SHEAR FLOWS IN ASTROPHYSICS REGULAR VARIABILITY OF THE SHAPE OF THE PRIMARY MINIMUM OF THE ORBITAL LIGHT CURVE OF SS 433 WITH THE PHASE OF THE PRECESSIONAL PERIOD CHAOTIC INFLATIONARY UNIVERSE AND THE ANISOTROPY OF THE LARGE-SCALE STRUCTURE THE CYCLOTRON ABSORPTION LINE AND ECLIPSE TRANSITION PHENOMENA OF 4U 1538-52 RADIO TELESCOPES AS THE DETECTORS OF SUPER HIGH-ENERGY NEUTRIONS OPTICAL OBSERVATIONS OF ACTIVE GALACTIC NUCLEI ON TWO-DIMENSIONAL RELATIVISTIC STELLAR WINDS CLUSTER RESEARCH WITH X-RAY OBSERVATIONS OBSERVATIONS OS X-RAY PULSARS FROM THE KVANT MODULE GENERATION OF ULTRAHIGH-ENERGY GAMMA-RAYS IN ACCRETING X-RAY PULSARS CAN A MAN-MADE UNIVERSE BE ACHIEVED BY QUANTUM TUNNELING WITHOUT AN INITIAL SINGULARITY? ON THE ORIGIN OF THE DIFFUSE X-RAY BACKGROUND GRAVITATIONAL LENSES: THE CURRENT SAMPLE, RECENT RESULTS, AND CONTINUING SEARCHES COSMIC GAMMA-RAY BURSTS GEORGIAN SPACE RESEARCH PROGRAM ON THE NATURE OF PULSAR RADIATION OBSERVING SN 1987A WITH THE INTERNATIONAL ULTRAVIOLET EXPLORER QUASI-PERIODIC OSCILLATIONS IN LOW-MASS X-RAY BINARIES THE EVOLUTION OF THE GRAVITATIONAL RADIATION FROM STELLAR COMPONENTS OF GALAXIES CLOSE BINARY STARS IN GLOBULAR CLUSTERS THE LARGE-SCALE SURFACE BRIGHTNESS DISTRIBUTION OF THE X-RAY BACKGROUND X-RAY EMISSION FROM ACTIVE GALACTIC NUCLEI ON THE OBSERVATIONAL APPEARANCES OF A FREELY PRECESSING NEUTRON STAR IN . . . THE PSR 2127+12 AS AN INDICATOR OF A MASSIVE BLACK HOLE IN THE CORE OF GLOBULAR CLUSTER M 15 THE FORMATION AND EVOLUTION OF DOMAIN WALLS A STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF GAMMA-RAY BURSTS DETECTED BY THE KONUS EXPERIMENT ON VENERA 11 and 12 EXTRAGALACTIC X-RAY SOURCE COUNTS ULTRALUMINOUS INFRARED GALAXIES THE PECULIAR VELOCITY FIELD PREDICTED FROM THE DISTRIBUTION OF IRAS GALAXIES X-RAY RADIATION FROM SUPERNOVA 1987A. THE RESULTS OF THE KVANT MODULE IN 1987-89 BASIC PHYSICS AND COSMOLOGY FROM PULSAR TIMING DATA GAS FLOW AND GENERATION OF X-RAY EMISSION IN WR+OB BINARIES HYDRODYNAMIC STUDY OF SUPERNOVA 1987A: THE PHASE OF A WAVE OF COOLING AND RECOMBINATION APPENDIX

This book contains the proceedings from a workshop on planetary sciences sponsored by the Academy of Sciences of the USSR and the National Academy of Sciences. The proceedings include papers written by American and Soviet scientists who examine the current theoretical understanding of how the planets were formed and how they evolved to their present state. They assess the type of observations and experiments that are needed to advance understanding of the formation and evolution of the solar system based on the current theoretical framework. Table of Contents Front Matter 1. The Properties and Environment of Primitive Solar Nebulae as Deduced from Observations of Solar-Type Pre-Main Sequence Stars 2. Numerical Two-Dimensional Calculations of the Formation of the Solar Nebula 3. Three-Dimensional Evolution of Early Solar Nebula 4. Formation and Evolution of the Protoplanetary Disk 5. Physical-Chemical Processes in a Protoplanetary Cloud 6. Magnetohydrodynamic Puzzles in the Protoplanetary Nebula 7. Formation of Planetesimals 8. Formation of the Terrestrial Planets from Planetesimals 9. The Rate of Planet Formation and the Solar System's Small Bodies 10. Astrophysical Dust Grains in Stars, the Interstellar Medium, and the Solar System 11. Late Stages of Accumulation and Early Evolution of the Planets 12. Giant Planets and Their Satellites: What are the Relationships Between Their Properties and How They Formed? 13. The Thermal Conditions of Venus 14. Degassing 15. The Role of Impacting Processes in the Chemical Evolution of the Atmosphere of Primordial Earth 16. Lithospheric and Atmospheric Interaction on the Planet Venus 17. Runaway Greenhouse Atmospheres: Applications to Earth and Venus 18. The Oort Cloud 19. The Chaotic Dynamics of Comets and the Problems of the Oort Cloud 20. Progress in Extra-Solar Planet Detection Appendix I: List of Participants Appendix II: List of Presentations

Biographic Memoirs: Volume 59 contains short biographies of deceased members of the National Academy of Sciences. Table of Contents Front Matter Title Page Frederic C. Bartter George Wells Beadle Solomon A. Berson Raymond Thayer Birge William Henry Chandler Gertrude Mary Cox Conrad Arnold Elvehjem Gottfried Samuel Fraenkel Haldan Keffer Hartline Mark Kac Aldo Starker Leopold Manfred Martin Mayer Walsh McDermott Theophilus Shickel Painter George Pólya Edward Lawrie Tatum Cornelis Bernardus Van Niel Robert H. Whittaker Maxwell Mayer Wintrobe Cumulative Index

Supercomputers are the ultimate engine of the information age. By generating and processing vast amounts of data with hitherto unparalleled speed, they make new activities in industrial research and product development possible. Supercomputers explores commercial supercomputer applications today as well as those emerging from university laboratories. It outlines trends in the supercomputing technology into the near future, and also contributes to a growing debate on the roles of the public and private sectors in nurturing this vital technology. Table of Contents Front Matter Part A: Opening Remarks 1. Welcome 2. Supercomputers: Vital Tool for the Nation 3. Introduction Part B: The Changing Landscape of Supercomputer Technology 4. Exisiting Conditions 5. Toward the Future Part C: Existing Applications of Supercomputers in Industry 6. Deciding to Aquire a Powerful New Research Tool-Supercomputing 7. Using Supercomputing to Transform Thinking about Product Design 8. Achieving a Pioneering Outlook with Supercomputing Part D: Concluding Remarks 9. Summary

Featuring essays by prominent experts in international security, this volume surveys the status and prospects for progress in every major area of arms control under active negotiation: strategic and conventional force reductions, a chemical weapons ban, and the vitality of the nuclear nonproliferation treaty regime. Also included is a fascinating account of the implementation of the INF Treaty through on-site inspections to verify missile destruction by the director of the U. S. On-Site Inspection Agency, Brigadier General Roland Lajoie. Roald Sagdeev, a prominent Soviet scientist and expert on security matters, offers his views of the Soviet Union's restructuring of its approach to national and international security. Also featured are essays by Wolfgang Panofsky, R. James Woolsey, Paul Doty, Matthew Meselson, Spurgeon Keeny, and Marvin Goldberger. Table of Contents Front Matter 1. Challenges for International Security in the 1990s 2. Introductory Remarks: From INF to New Agreements 3. Soviet “New Thinking” About International Security 4. The INF Treaty: A Status Report on INF Inspections 5. Whither Conventional Arms Control? 6. Prospects for a Chemical Weapons Disarmament Treaty 7. Vitality of the Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty Regime 8. Summary Remarks

Biographic Memoirs: Volume 58 contains short biographies of deceased members of the National Academy of Sciences. Table of Contents Front Matter Title Page Percival Bailey Eric Glendinning Ball Jens Christian Clausen Carleton Stevens Coon René Jules Dubos John Ray Dunning Arie Jan Haagen-Smit Harry Frederick Harlow Charles Heidelberger Moses Kunitz Robert Helmer MacArthur Margaret Mead David Nachmansohn Harry F. Olson Oscar Knefler Rice Dickinson Woodruff Richards Charles Donald Shane William Christopher Stadie Cumulative Index

No more important issue faces us today than the future success of efforts to manage and control nuclear arsenals. Reykjavik and Beyond represents the careful consideration of this subject by a group of experts deeply involved in arms control. The authors consider what changes in force structures, strategic thought, and political relations would be necessary to make possible large reductions in the superpowers' nuclear arsenals. They also examine how very deep cuts would affect other aspects of the military balance and the political and international order more broadly. Table of Contents Front Matter 1. Reykjavik and Beyond: Implications of Deep Reductions in Strategic Nuclear Arsenals and the Future Direction of Arms Control 2. The Purpose and Effect of Deep Strategic Force Reductions 3. The Impact of Defenses on Offensive Reduction Regimes 4. The Impact of New Technologies and Noncentral Systems of Offensive Reduction Regimes 5. Alliance Issues 6. Implications for Conventional Forces 7. The Future of Arms Control

This distinguished series contains the biographies of deceased members of the National Academy of Sciences and bibliographies of their published works. Each biographical essay was written by a member of the Academy familiar with the professional career of the deceased. A cumulative index for all 57 volumes is now included. For historical and bibliographical purposes, these volumes are worth returning to time and again. Volume 57 includes biographies of: Arthur Francis Buddington, J. George Harrar, Paul Herget, John Dove Isaacs III, Bessel Kok, Otto Krayer, Rebecca Craighill Lancefield, Harold Dwight Lasswell, Jay Laurence Lush, John Howard Mueller, Robert Franklin Pitts, John Robert Raper, Karl Sax, Gerhard Schmidt, Leslie Spier, Hans-Lukas Teuber, and Warren Weaver. Table of Contents Front Matter Title Page Arthur Francis Buddington J. George Harrar Paul Herget John Dove Isaacs III Bessel Kok Otto Krayer Rebecca Craighill Lancefield Harold Dwight Lasswell Jay Laurence Lush John Howard Mueller Robert Franklin Pitts John Robert Raper Karl Sax Gerhard Schmidt Leslie Spier Hans-Lukas Teuber Warren Weaver Cumulative Index

This volume examines the complex medical, social, ethical, financial, and scientific problems arising from the AIDS epidemic and offers dozens of public policy and research recommendations for an appropriate national response to this dread disease. Table of Contents Front Matter Abstract 1. Confronting AIDS: Summary and Recommendations 2. Understanding of the Disease and Dimensions of the Epidemic 3. The Future Course of the Epidemic and Available National Resources 4. Opportunities for Altering the Course of the Epidemic 5. Care of Persons Infected with HIV 6. Future Research Needs 7. International Aspects of AIDS and HIV Infection Appendix A. Clinical Manifestations of HIV Infection Appendix B. Serologic and Virologic Testing Appendix C. Risk of HIV Transmission from Blood Transfusion Appendix D. U. S. Public and Private Sector Resources for Fighting AIDS Appendix E. The Centers for Disease Control Appendix F. CDC Classification System for HIV Infections Appendix G. PHS Plan for Prevention and Control of AIDS and the AIDS Virus Appendix H. List of Background Papers Appendix I. List of Presentations at Public Meetings Appendix J. Acknowledgments Appendix K. Biographical Notes on Committee Members Glossary Index