V. K. Ramachandran

The book is a report on the village economy of the state of Tripura in India, based on a survey of three villages in the state conducted by the Foundation for Agrarian Studies in May–June 2016. The villages—Mainama in Manu block, Chailengta tehsil, Dhalai district; Khakchang in Dasda block, Anand Bazaar tehsil, North district; and Muhuripur in Muhuripur tehsil, Julaibari block, South district—were surveyed under the ongoing Project on Agrarian Relations in India (PARI). The survey was conducted using a stratified simple random sampling method. A team from the Foundation for Agrarian Studies revisited the three villages in April 2017 to conduct case studies. These villages were also surveyed in 2005 for the Tripura Human Development Report 2007.

Caste is an institution of oppression and social discrimination specific to South Asia, more so to India. Central to the caste system were the status assigned to the Dalit people and the criminal practice of untouchability. Caste is embedded in production relations. It is an impediment to the growth of the productive forces, and a bulwark against the revolutionary overthrow of the ruling classes. Although there have been, in recent years, new scholarship and new attempts to understand the socio-economic conditions of life of Dalit people and households in India, it is still true, as a leading scholar in the field has written, that 'very few empirical studies have tried to study the phenomenon of economic discrimination'. This book is an attempt to contribute to the study and understanding of economic deprivation and exclusion among Dalits in rural India. The first section deals with poverty and group discrimination. The second section has case studies - from Kerala, Tamil Nadu and West Bengal - on historical aspects of land, caste and social exclusion. The third section deals with contemporary fieldwork-based economic analyses from Tamil Nadu and Maharashtra. The last section has studies of Dalit households in village economies; the empirical base for these studies comes from the village-level data archive of the Project on Agrarian Relations (PARI) being conducted by the Foundation for Agrarian Studies. The articles in the book are evidence, in some cases, of direct discrimination, and in others of what has been described as differential impact discrimination. Most of all, they reflect cumulative discrimination and disadvantage.

This volume is a field report on surveys of agrarian relations in three villages in Andhra Pradesh conducted by scholars of the Foundation for Agrarian Studies. The study villages are Ananthavaram village in Kollur mandal, Guntur district; Bukkacherla village in Raptadu mandal, Anantapur district; and Kothapalle village in Thimmapur L. M. D. Mandal, Karimnagar district. This volume presents an analysis of statistical data collected through the village surveys with a special focus on differences across socio-economic classes and social groups. There are separate chapters on land and asset inequality, tenancy, household incomes, crop incomes, employment and wages, indebtedness, literacy and school education, and household amenities. The report attempts to contribute information, statistical data and analysis to the discussion on agrarian relations and economic distress in contemporary rural Andhra Pradesh and India.

This book addresses the question of how it is that so much growth and technical change can take place in agriculture and yet leave the position of agricultural labourers relatively unchanged. Much has been written on farmers and employers in LDC agriculture, but little that focuses on employees - this book will thus stimulate contribution to the study of labour markets and to development studies. In an area described as in the vanguard of agricultural development in Southern India, the author shows in some detail how limited the changes in the situation of labourers have been as agriculture has developed, and how serious the constraints still are. There is full discussion of central concerns such as the increase in numbers and proportions of agricultural labourers, the stagnation and marginal decline of wage rates and earnings, the property-less status of agricultural labourers, consumption and indebtedness, and labour relationships and processes.