Xenophon

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当法官们听了这些话时，法官们低声说出他们的异议，有些则认为是不相信所说的话，而另一些则出于简单的嫉妒，认为苏格拉底实际上应该从天上得到比他们自己更多的东西。于是苏格拉底回到了负责人。 "来吧，"他说，"当我告诉您更多信息时，请向我伸出耳朵，这样你们当中那些选择的人可能会走得更远，拒绝相信我因此被神的能力所荣耀。在许多证人在场的情况下，在德里向我提出了一个问题，阿波罗回答说，没有人比我更自由，更正直，更节制。"当法官再次听到这些话时，法官自然而然地发出了强烈的反对意见，苏格拉底又说："但是，先生，这是更伟大的话，神在甲骨文中对莱库格斯说，据说，当他进入圣殿时，上帝对他说："我正在考虑称呼你是神还是人。"他并没有把我比作上帝，但卓越的表现使我远远超过了其他人。"

Stranded deep in Persia, after their leader Cyrus and other Greek senior officers were killed or captured, Xenophon, one of three remaining leaders elected by the soldiers, played an instrumental role in encouraging his army of 10,000 to march north across foodless deserts and snow-filled mountain passes, towards the Black Sea and the comparative security of its Greek shoreline cities. Now abandoned in northern Mesopotamia, without supplies, the 10,000 had to fight their way northwards, making ad hoc decisions about their leadership, tactics, provender and destiny, while the King's army and hostile natives barred their way and attacked their flanks. Anabasis is the most famous book of the Ancient Greek professional soldier and writer Xenophon. Anabasis is rendered in translation as The March of the Ten Thousand. The narration of the journey is Xenophon's best known work, and one of the great adventures in human history. Besides military history, the Anabasis has found use as a tool for the teaching of classical philosophy; the principles of leadership and government exhibited by the army can be seen as exemplifying Socratic philosophy. This case laminate collector's edition includes a Victorian inspired dust-jacket.

Stranded deep in Persia, after their leader Cyrus and other Greek senior officers were killed or captured, Xenophon, one of three remaining leaders elected by the soldiers, played an instrumental role in encouraging his army of 10,000 to march north across foodless deserts and snow-filled mountain passes, towards the Black Sea and the comparative security of its Greek shoreline cities. Now abandoned in northern Mesopotamia, without supplies, the 10,000 had to fight their way northwards, making ad hoc decisions about their leadership, tactics, provender and destiny, while the King's army and hostile natives barred their way and attacked their flanks. Anabasis is the most famous book of the Ancient Greek professional soldier and writer Xenophon. Anabasis is rendered in translation as The March of the Ten Thousand. The narration of the journey is Xenophon's best known work, and one of the great adventures in human history. Besides military history, the Anabasis has found use as a tool for the teaching of classical philosophy; the principles of leadership and government exhibited by the army can be seen as exemplifying Socratic philosophy.

Cyropaedia is a biography of Cyrus the Great, the founder of Achaemenid Empire and the first Persian Empire. It is "a political romance, describing the education of the ideal ruler, trained to rule as a benevolent despot over his admiring and willing subjects." Aspects of it would become a model for medieval writers of the genre known as mirrors for princes. In turn it was a strong influence upon the most well-known but atypical of these, Machiavelli's The Prince.

"The Memorable Thoughts of Socrates" by Xenophon (translated by active 1702-1712 Edward Bysshe). Xenophon is said to have been, when young, a pupil of Socrates. Two authorities have recorded that in the flight from the battle of Delium in the year b.c. 424, when Xenophon fell from his horse, Socrates picked him up and carried him on his back for a considerable distance. The time of Xenophon's death is not known, but he was alive sixty-seven years after the battle of Delium. His "Anabasis" is a true story as delightful as a fiction his "Cyrop dia" is a fiction full of truths. He wrote "Hellenica," that carried on the history of Greece from the point at which Thucydides closed his history until the battle of Mantineia. He wrote a dialogue between Hiero and Simonides upon the position of a king, and dealt with the administration of the little realm of a man's household in his "OEconomicus," a dialogue between Socrates and Critobulus, which includes the praise of agriculture. He wrote also, like Plato, a symposium, in which philosophers over their wine reason of love and friendship, and he paints the character of Socrates. But his best memorial of his old guide, philosopher, and friend is this work, in which Xenophon brought together in simple and direct form the views of life that had been made clear to himself by the teaching of Socrates. Xenophon is throughout opposing a plain tale to the false accusations against Socrates. He does not idealise, but he feels strongly, and he shows clearly the worth of the wisdom that touches at every point the actual conduct of the lives of men.

Xenophon gilt als einer der gro en Geschichtsschreiber des Klassischen Griechenlands (Anabasis, Hellenika). Vor allem als Schulautor bekannt, erfreut er sich aufgrund der Vielschichtigkeit seiner Werke jedoch auch dar ber hinaus steigenden Interesses. In diesem Band der Reihe Tusculum werden vier seiner kleineren Schriften vorgestellt. Die Verfassung der Lakedaimonier beleuchtet das Funktionieren des spartanischen Staates und bildet die wichtigste Quelle zum antiken Sparta. Erg nzt wird sie um die Biographie des Agesilaos, der Sparta in einem zentralen Zeitraum seiner Geschichte (399-359 v. Chr.) als K nig regierte. Mit dem Wesen und auch mit der Abschaffung der Tyrannis besch ftigt sich der Hieron, ein fiktives Gespr ch zwischen dem Dichter Simonides und dem sizilischem Alleinherrscher Hieron. Die Poroi (Eink nfte) handeln schlie lich von den M glichkeiten Athens, die rmere Bev lkerung in Friedenszeiten durch Erschlie ung der eigenen Ressourcen ohne Expansion zu ern hren. Sie ist die bedeutendste antike Schrift zu Problemen der Staatswirtschaft. Drei der vier bersetzungen sind nur in dieser Ausgabe erh ltlich.

Les Hell niques est un ouvrage de l'Ath nien X nophon dans lequel celui-ci raconte l'histoire grecque entre 411 et 362 L'ouvrage d bute l o s'ach ve l'Histoire de la guerre du P loponn se de Thucydide et se termine par la bataille de Mantin e et la mort du Th bain paminondas. X nophon a crit cet ouvrage durant toute sa vie. Ainsi les deux premiers livres datent d'entre 403 et 402, alors que ceux qui relatent les v nements de Mantin e (-362) auraient t crits en 357/356. Il aurait donc termin ces deux livres deux ans avant sa mort.

La Cyrop die est une biographie romanc e du souverain perse Cyrus II, r dig e autour de -370 par X nophon. Le titre latinis Cyropaedia d rive du grec ancien Κύρου παιδεία / K rou paide a signifiant L' ducation de Cyrus . Aulu-Gelle rapporte dans ses Nuits Attiques que les deux premiers Livres de La R publique de Platon furent d'abord dit s seuls et que X nophon y opposa la Cyrop die. La Cyrop die a t imit e au Moyen ge comme mod le du genre miroirs des princes. Elle a influenc Machiavel, qui rejetait cependant le mod le m di val. La Cyrop die, comme Le Prince n' tait pas toutefois n cessairement destin e d crire le gouvernant id al. En substance, la Cyrop die d crit l' ducation du dirigeant id al, entrain pour gouverner ses sujets admiratifs et consentants comme un despote bienveillant .

Les M morables sont des r cits (4 livres - 35 chapitres) sur la vie de Socrate dont X nophon a t le disciple. De nombreux personnages avec qui Socrate avait des dialogues philosophiques d filent dans ce recueil de souvenirs personnels, souvent anecdotiques, r dig s partir de 370 av. J.-C. L'auteur, la fois crivain et chef d'arm e, se dit sans pr tentions litt raires et d'aucuns affirment qu'il est plus fid le la pens e socratique que Platon qui aurait parfois pr t Socrate ses propres id es.

Darius et Parysatis eurent deux fils; l'a n , Artaxerc s, le plus jeune, Cyrus. Darius tant tomb malade et sentant sa fin approcher voulut avoir pr s de lui ses deux fils. L'a n se trouvait l ; Cyrus fut mand par son p re des gouvernements dont il l'avait fait satrape, en le nommant aussi g n ral de toutes les troupes camp es dans la plaine du Castole. Cyrus vint donc, accompagn de Tissapherne, qu'il croyait son ami, et suivi de trois cents hoplites grecs que commandait X nias de Parrhasie... .

Ag silas est un ouvrage philosophique, historique, biographique, pan gyrique1 et apolog tique de X nophon consacr au roi Ag silas II de Sparte. Le genre rel ve de l' loge, de la louange, et d'un style proche de celui d'Isocrate, tandis que l'emphase et la recherche des termes le rapprochent de Gorgias. Dans Le Banquet de Platon, Agathon fait un loge de l'eus bie, la justice, la temp rance, le courage et la sagacit ; X nophon observe ces valeurs dans le m me ordre dans son Ag silas. Pour X nophon, la distinction entre le tyran et le roi r side dans l'eus bie et la tradition; la l gitimit du roi est diff rente de celle du tyran en ceci qu'elle ne d pend pas d'une usurpation. Certains passages sont emprunt s aux Hell niques.

Le Gouvernement des Lac d moniens est un trait de philosophie politique de X nophon crit en 378 ou 377 alors que l'auteur tait dans son domaine de Scillonte analysant la constitution et les moeurs de la cit grecque de Sparte au ive si cle (av. J.-C).