Naval Postgraduate School

Pakistan has a peculiar information environment that has not been researched in detail. The dynamics of the information environment have changed in urban areas due to technological advancements; however, the rural areas are still far from the effects of such advancements. This book explores the peculiarities of the information environment in Pakistan and draws lessons from the Sri Lankan fight with the LTTE and U. S. efforts to contain terrorism (on U. S. soil) since 9/11. It brings out the root causes of terrorism inPakistan and the role played by the information environment in strengthening this menace (especially Tehreek-e-Taliban Pakistan). The thesis is useful in learning the ways and means to optimally utilize the information environment of Pakistan for fighting terrorism. It might also be beneficial in formulating an information policy for Pakistan, for long- and short-term effects.

Asian carrier navies do not suffer from the technocratic tendencies that afflict the United States. Each carrier program examined by this book is designed to meet specific strategic problems. China's intentions remain largely obscured leading to a fair amount of speculation concerning the role of People's Liberation Army Navy carriers. China's involvement in regional maritime territorial disputes and its strategic interpretation of Western Pacific geographysuggest that any investment in naval power projection instruments will support a desire for operational freedom of action within the First Island Chain. India recognized the utility of strike carriers early in its post-colonial history andrecently articulated its intention to achieve regional manifest destiny in the face of increasing naval competition from China. India's vision suffers from some of the same diffuseness of the U. S. model that it attempts to emulate but issimultaneously easier to manage because of its smaller scope and acknowledged adversaries. Japan's gradual revival as a regional military power may have been inevitable in the absence of the Soviet threat and the U. S. regional engagement that accompanied it, but China's increasingly assertive actions over island territories has accelerated the Japanese Maritime Self-Defense Force's development into a limited power projection force. Finally, South Korea-while not yet committed to fixed-wing carrier acquisition-is likely exploring options for managing its precarious position between North Korea, China, and Japan.

Deterrence was quickly dismissed as a possible counter-terrorism (CT) strategy after 9/11. With temporal distance from the impact, however, the concept has been given a fresh, in-depth look. The encouraging results brought the policy back to national security strategy, but today deterrence of asymmetrical threats remains largely intractable. Use of deterrence strategy, beyond the common notion of Cold War deterrence, holds promise forsustainable U. S. CT policy. The implications for U. S. foreign policy of such strategic enactments are likely more satisfactory than those employed in the first decade of the war on terror. This book seeks to explore the possibility of tailored deterrence toward the threat from radical Islamic terrorists, by gauging what is known about the strategy against what is known of the adversary, and determining the most effective path forward.

Prior to implementation of the Affordable Care Act (ACA), tens of millions of U. S. citizens were without health insurance coverage. Without health insurance, health care can be unaffordable or inaccessible, or both. Our ability to obtain health care is part of the homeland security preparedness puzzle. If the Affordable Care Act increases health insurance coverage and helps to control costs as promised, it has enormous potential to bolster homeland securitysimultaneously. This book asks, "How will the implementation of the Affordable Care Act positively impact homeland security in its efforts to achieve its all-hazards preparedness goal?" This book first draws the links between health insurance coverage, health care and homeland security. Using empirical evidence and deductive analysis, it then forward-maps the positive impacts ACA implementation is likely have on homeland security in the areas of health and economic security. Recommendations aimed at enhancing the positive effects of the ACA are provided, including expanding ACA access and benefits to immigrants, better educating the public on the ACA tax penalty, and utilizing grants to encourage state participation.

Insurgency and irregular war continue to be a prevalent phenomenon in the international system. Fighting irregular wars challenge military doctrine used by established militaries across the developed world. These militaries invariably end up combating insurgencies through train and equip missions, although the adoption of train and equip usually happens after the insurgency has become well established. This book examines and analyzes approaches taken by the organized militaries from Afghanistan, Turkey, and Columbia in fighting their insurgencies, and the role that the train-and-equip mission played in preparing their respective militaries for their mission. To support the research, each case study is built upon an analysis of the history of each insurgency and the counterinsurgency (COIN) response from the state and military forces. How did the countries train and equip their forces to battle the insurgency? What findings and policy implications can be derived from examining these different COIN case studies? This book finds that the training and equipping mission should be a top priority for all nations fighting an insurgency. In addition, the successes and failures from the three case studies examined show that regardless of the cause of theinsurgency, once the insurgency is in full swing, one of the key elements to defeat the insurgency is with a properly trained self-sustaining force.

Hindu-Muslim violence has plagued India for centuries. Deaths caused by Hindu-Muslim violence constitute a small proportion of the Indian population; therefore the historical precedence and incendiary nature of this violence in India is cause for concern. Additionally, because India is geographically positioned between two majority Muslim states, India has a vested interest in addressing its violence problem so that it does not create national-level disturbances as it has in the past. This book conducts a comparison of Hindu-Muslim violence in India at the national- and state-levels over two periods, 1950-1976 and 1977-1995, to demonstrate that Hindu-Muslim violence rose from the late 1970s through the 1990s, due to three main factors: 1) the organizational demise of the INC and the decay of the consociational system; 2) the emergence of the communal political party, the BJP; and 3) state-level variations of Hindu-Muslim violencebased on the presence or absence of the INC's monopoly of power in the state. The analysis recommends that only through a transparent and comprehensive communal violence policy and the promotion of the nonpoliticization of sociocultural data pertaining to the Indian population will the Indian government be effective in addressing the problem of Hindu-Muslim violence in India.

The listening post/observation post is a method employed by infantry units in combat to increase battlefield situational awareness and prevent surprise by the enemy. This technique is costly to the employing unit in terms of manpowerrequirements and increased risk to friendly personnel. To reduce these costs, we created a prototype, the Mobile Situational Awareness Tool, that combined commercial off-the-shelf components with wireless unattended groundsensors for the purpose of automating the listening post/observation post for the tactical infantry unit. The prototype system incorporated wireless sensor node prototypes created by the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, originally intended for the creation of a smart minefield. A web application was created using a custom Node.js server that enabled cross-platform monitoring of the system by warfighters in the field with mobile smart-devices to include smart-phones and tablets. Field-testing of the prototype showed the system capable of detecting and classifying intruders in the sensor field but revealed that more robust threat classification algorithms utilizing multiple sensor modalities would yield a greater degree of automation and autonomy.

The September 11, 2001, terrorist attack on United States (U. S.) soil memorialized as 9/11 served as the catalyst for major reforms in the federal government. Twenty-two agencies combined to form the Department of HomelandSecurity with a mission of preventing homeland attacks and reducing U. S. vulnerability to terrorism. Accomplishing this amalgamation has led Federal Emergency Management Agency supported emergency management disciplineprinciples and homeland security supported discipline principles to create jurisdictional gray areas (JGAs) with stakeholders on a path of division in preparedness, training, and command. Defining "all-hazards" placed them at opposite ends of the spectrum. The purpose of this research is to determine the presence of JGAs, and define "all-hazards." Case study and qualitative methodologies are utilized to examine three cases for JGAs, a disaster, act of terrorism, and an act of workplace violence. The results revealed utilizing an incident command system on any of these incidents reduces JGAs, Presidential Policy Directive-8 (PPD-8) provides a holistic approach to disaster and terrorism, and an "all-hazards" incident also requires a management component. The recommendations are: 1) further research in reducing U. S. vulnerability to terrorism, 2) support to sustain HS as a recognized discipline, and 3) research that identifies mentally unstable employees prior to acts of workplace violence.

Piracy represents a serious threat to modern maritime traffic, causing significant financial losses as well as loss of life. The system's proposed area of operation is the waters of Indonesia, as current antipiracy solutions are not feasible due to the region's unique physical geography. Worldwide deployment is possible with minimal modifications. The systems engineering process was used to identify a system that effectively and economically prevents pirates fromboarding commercial vessels. A model of the operational environment was developed in MATLAB to run simulations designed to estimate the relative effectiveness of each assessed countermeasure. A cost analysis was performed on the most effective system configurations to determine economic feasibility; the best-value system was recommended. The results of the project indicated that the P-Trap countermeasure, designed to entangle the pirate's propellers with thin lines, is both effective and economically viable for wide-scale deployment. The further addition of a fire hose system using net projectiles to increase the difficulty of boarders to climb onto the vessel was found to enhance the systemeffectiveness, while remaining cost-effective.