Naval Postgraduate School

The Marine Corps' Combat Operations Center provides formidable situational awareness and command and control capability using a robust mobile data center. This capability incurs a cost in fuel and restricted mobility due to the size and weight of the cooling and electrical generation. Enhancing the energy efficiency through alternative cooling methods will enhance the Marine Corps tactical flexibility on the battlefield. In both Iraq and Afghanistan, the Improvised Explosive Device threat is of grave concern. Reducing the frequency of fuel convoys may reduce the associated casualties that result. In this book, a model was created to predict potential reduction in fuel consumption by using alternative methods of cooling. The model considers all the sources of heat load introduced into the Combat Operations Center environment and estimates the amount of electricity required to maintain a set point temperature. An alternative method of cooling is introduced to determine whether it has the potential to reduce fuel consumption. A substantive increase in efficiency indicates further research has merit. The model offers an analytical method for exploring alternative cooling methods that may be used either individually or in concert to reduce the fuel required by the Combat Operations Center.

Law enforcement agencies have managed anonymous tip line programs for decades whereby community members can submit suspected criminal activity to their local law enforcement agency. As a result of the increasing threat of terrorism in the United States, suspicious activity reporting programs (SAR) accompany the traditional anonymous tip line. SARs include the reporting of suspicious behavior related to terrorism, as well as other criminal activity. SAR programs have been adopted by federal, state and local jurisdictions and at state and regional fusion centers. Homeland security is a shared responsibility of the American public and SAR programs are a mechanism that allows the public to contribute to this country's security. Smaller law enforcement agencies in the United States lack the resources of larger police departments. The research set out to determine if smaller police agencies lacked SAR programs, which thus might create a gap in U. S. overall homeland security. An audit of 355 California police department websites that serve populations from 10,000 to over one million revealed that 5.9% of the agencies supported an online SAR program. To verify the audit, 117 of the police departments were contacted and three of the agencies or 2.6% supported a SAR program accessible by the public either by a direct phone line or by some other means. This book presents research to identify best practices for establishing SAR programs in police departments. The research explores national strategy documents, privacy and civil liberties guidelines and national SAR standards. The research identifies success stories of terrorist acts prevented because of a SAR. The research concludes with a list of action items agencies should consider when implementing a SAR program. Successful SAR programs rely on the timely analysis of information and sharing intelligence through shared networks.

Waterboarding, rendition, torture: each of these terms provides deeply negative examples of the mishandling of detainees by various entities of the United States government during the prosecution of the wars in Afghanistan and Iraq. In order to rectify these failures of the various systems within the U. S. military's detention framework, the Department of Defense (DoD) developed and issued Field Manual 2-22.3 Human Intelligence Collector Operations. This new doctrine has created restrictions that add unnecessary hours to the process of exploiting detainees through tactical interrogation. Due to the autonomous nature of their missions, the significance for U. S. Army Special Forces is immense. Tactical interrogation is a legal, viable, and necessary method of information gathering on the battlefield. FM 2-22.3 has taken away USSF's capability to exploit an immense pool of intelligence that could be critical in the currentconflicts. This work explores the limitations imposed by current doctrine and discusses changes necessary to provide the skills, training, and legal authorities that will allow Special Forces to use every appropriate resource to be successful on the modern battlefield. Recommendations are provided regarding training and doctrine to provide the proper authorities along with appropriate checks and balances.

Since 1866, the Ku Klux Klan has been able to muster three distinctive and sustained campaigns of terrorism, commonly referred to as the three "waves" of Klan violence. The first occurred between 1866 and 1871, the second between 1915 and 1928, and the third from roughly 1954 to the mid-1960s. Subsequent to the third wave, the Klan unsuccessfully attempted another resurgence in the mid-1970s/early 1980s but was snuffed out before a campaign could be triggered. By studying the three most successful Klan campaigns of the past (granting that each varied in scope, intensity and outcome) alongside the failed campaign attempt of the 1970-1980s, this dissertation will investigate which commonly cited factors and conditions were, in fact, associated with the rise of the KKK's campaigns of terrorism. Ultimately, the dissertation finds that four factors-the presence of a safe haven, organizational structure, leadership, and recruitment techniques-are necessary and jointly sufficient to explain Klan campaign emergence. By combining these factors in a manner which better reflects their interplay, a model offering greater explanatory value emerges. The first significant set of correlates is the presence or absence of safe havens and their relation to the organizational structure chosen by Klan leadership. The second set of correlates is the ability of the Klan to downplay its core ideology and effectively frame a recruitment message which resonates with a pre-existing dominant social narrative-a narrative usually based on mythologized history or an unfalsifiable belief system. As will be explained in concluding chapters, the probabilistic model that emerges when these factors combine proves more effective in explaining and predicting campaigns of Klan terrorism than simply listing these factors as if they are not consciously combined for effect.

The present study treats Polish-American bilateral relations in the past and present, with special concern for contemporary themes of armaments. This book seizes upon the author's experience in the U. S. Embassy, Warsaw, as well as scholarly analysis. Together with NATO allies, the United States has begun the fielding of an anti-missile system directed against Iran. By dint of policy and geography, the Republic of Poland's status as one of closest allies to the United States put it at the forefront of the candidates to host the interceptor portion of the system. In addition to the U. S. anti-missile installation, the Polish government wants significant U. S. forces stationed in Poland as a symbol of collective defense. As in other cases of the politics of forward defense in NATO in the past and present, the Poles desire an unshakable commitment to forward defense at a time of strategic retrenchment and shifts in the international system. The modifications of the plans for the proposed bases as a result of policy, strategy and budgets were caused by changes of leadership in both the U. S. and Poland; further, such change has arisen about U. S. concerns from Russia and other European countries, to say nothing of the global economic crisis that drastically reduced the ability of the United States and its allies to maintain a defense effort in the face of sharp austerity.